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A&P II test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4.Identify the following layers of the heart and surrounding membranes: Epicardium | Serous membrane layer outside or covering the surface of the heart |
| 4.Identify the following layers of the heart and surrounding membranes: , Myocardium | Heart muscle |
| 4.Identify the following layers of the heart and surrounding membranes: Parietal Layer | The outermost layer of the pericardial sac |
| 4.Identify the following layers of the heart and surrounding membranes: Endocardium | The inside lining of the heart |
| 5.The pacemaker of the heart is the | Sinoatrial Node (SA node) |
| 6.The ______ are found in the interventricular septum. | AV Bundles |
| 7.What is the name of the network found in the ventricular myocardium | Purkinje Fibers |
| 8.The point in the conduction system of the heart where the impulse is temporarily delayed is the. | AV node |
| 9.Which valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle. | Aortic Semilunar Valve |
| 10.Which valve prevents backflow into the right atrium. | Tricuspid Valve |
| 11.Which valve prevents backflow into the left atrium. | Bicuspid (mitral)Valve |
| 13.Which AV valve has two flaps | Bicuspid (mitral)Valve |
| Which valve prevent backflow into the right ventricle. | Pulmonary Semilunar Valve |
| 14.Which AV valve has three flaps | Tricuspid valve |
| 15.Normal heart sounds are caused by ______________? | Closing of valves |
| 16.What is cardiac reserve and what circumstances can alter it? | Cardiac reserve is the difference between resting and maximal CO2; exercise can alter it |
| 17.Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes what changes in blood pressure | a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output |
| 18.The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to: | Pump blood with a greater pressure |
| 19.Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block. | AV Node |
| 20.Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the: | Left Atrium |
| 21.Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the: | Papillary muscles |
| 22.The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is: | Angina pectoris |
| 23.To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope: | In the second intercostal space to the right of the sternum |
| 24.Blood is carried to capillaries in the myocardium by way of: | Coronary arteries |
| 25.When the heart is beating at a rate of 75 times per minute, the duration of one cardiac cycle is ________ second(s). | 0.8 |
| 26.List the factors which influence heart rate? | age, gender, body temperature, chemicals, autonomic nervous system exercise |
| 27.If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from: | loss of oxygen in the heart, which causes heart attack |
| 28.Cardiac muscle cells are like skeletal muscle cells in that they: | have I & A bands; contain gap junctions |
| 29.Cardiac output is about ________ L/min | 5.25 |
| 30.What is the pericardial cavity? | the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement |
| 31.If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells what would the result be? | tetanic contractions; stop the heart’s pumping action |
| 32.Norepinephrine acts on heart muscle cells by: | causing threshold to be reached more quickly |
| 33.If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that: | the HR would increase by about 25 beats/min |
| 34.The stroke volume for a normal resting heart is ________ ml/beat. | 70 |
| 35.Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole? | Pulmonary Trunk |
| 36.Blood enters which vessels during ventricular systole? | Aorta and pulmonary artery |
| 37.When is the tricuspid valve closed: | the ventricle is in systole |
| 38.When holding a dissected heart in your hands, it is easy to orient the right and left side by: | noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls; the left side is thicker |
| 39.Describe the function of myocardial cells compared to skeletal muscle cells. | the all or-one las as applied ti cardiac muscles means that the entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all |
| 40.Describe the structure of the heart wall. | three layers of the heart: epicardium; myocardium; endocardium |
| 41.The deflection waves in an ECG tracing include | T-wave, indicates repolarization |
| 42.Describe the events during the period of ventricular filling: | blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves |
| 43.The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon: | caused by the hypertrophy of the heart muscle |
| 43. The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon: | Isovolumetric relaxation: |
| 45.Stenosis of the mitral valve may initially cause a pressure increase in the: | Left Atrium |
| 46.If a significant amount of connective tissue were to develop connecting the visceral and parietal pericardial layers together, What would be a likely consequence? | interference with normal mechanical cardiac activity |
| 47.If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid what would happen? | slow calcium channels in the pacemaker tissue would be cycling at a greater rate |
| 48.Describe the factors which influence cardiac output | Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) |
| 49.Describe ion flows and membrane potentials during contraction of heart muscle cells: | |
| 50.Define isovolumetric contraction: | For a split second, the ventricles are completely closed chambers and blood volume in the chambers remain constant |
| 51.Define negative chronotropic factors | Negative chronotropes decrease the heart rate. |
| 52.The enlarged coronary vessel outside the heart that empties blood into the right atrium is the ________. | coronary sinus |
| 53.The ________ cells of the heart do not maintain stable resting membrane potentials; therefore, they continually depolarize. | autorhythmic |
| 54.Specialized conductive cells of the ventricles are called ________ fibers. | Purkinje |
| 55.The ECG T wave interval represents ________. | Ventricular Repolarization |
| 56.CO = ________ × SV. | HR |
| 57.The ________ membrane covers the heart. | Pericardium |
| 58.The ________ valve of the heart has three valves with chordae tendineae | tricuspid |
| 59.________ valves of the heart have no chordae tendineae attached. | aortic; pulmonary |
| 60.Define systole and diastole. Which heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used? | Systole – contraction of heart muscle; Diastole – relaxation of heart muscle |
| 61.Define the terms end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) and relate them to the calculation of stroke volume. | SV =(EDV) minus (ESV); EDV = amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole; ESV = amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction |
| 62.What is the difference between the auricles and the atrium? | An auricle receives blood from the veins & forces it into a ventricle |
| 64.What two important functions does the cardiac conduction system perform? | Controls heart rate and generates electrical impulses stimulating the heart to contract & pump blood |
| 65.Explain autorhythmicity in cardiac muscle cells. | Autorhythmic cells: Initiate action potentials; Have unstable resting potentials called pacemaker potentials; Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for rising phase of the action potential |
| 66.Why is oxygen so much more critical to the heart muscle than to skeletal muscles? | When heart muscle is deprived of oxygen that is what is known as a heart attack |
| 67.What is the functional importance of the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle? | They allow for a quick transmission of the action potential so the entire chamber can contract as one unit and as site of attachment for muscles and supports structures for cardia valves |
| 68.What is bradycardia? | A heart rate less than 60 beats a minute |
| 69.Would an ECG with an inverted QRS wave be of concern to the doctor? | |
| 72.Which artery is the largest artery of the body | Aorta |
| 73.Which artery supplies the kidneys. | Renal Artery |
| 74.Which artery supplies the duodenum and stomach. | gastroduodenal |
| 75.Which artery supplies the distal areas of the large intestine. | inferior mesenteric artery |
| 76.Which artery supplies pelvic structures. | Gonadal arteries (ovarian or testicular) |
| 77.Which artery gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery. | Brachiocephalic trunk |
| 78.Which artery supplies the lower limbs. | external iliac artery |
| 79.Which artery is the common site to take the pulse. | radial pulse |
| 80.Which artery is the major supply to the cerebral hemispheres. | middle cerebral arteries |
| 81.Which artery is a large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta. | superior mesenteric artery |
| 82.Abdominal aorta splits to form two ____________ arteries | right and left illiac |
| 83.Which vein receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall. | superior vena cava |
| 84.Which vessel carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. | pulmonary arteries |
| 85.Which vein drains the scalp. | external juglar veins |
| 86.Which vein runs through the armpit. | Axillary Vein |
| 87.Which vein drains the upper extremities, deep vein. | Superior Vena Cava |
| 88.Which artery is usually palpated to take the blood pressure. | Brachial artery |
| 89.Which artery is the major artery of the thigh. | Femoral artery |
| 90.Which artery supplies the small intestine. | Superior mesenteric artery |
| 91.Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. | Pulmonary |
| 92.Which vein is longest vein in the body, superficial. | Great saphenous vein |
| 93.What is the site where resistance to blood flow is greatest. | Arterioles |
| 94.What is the site where exchanges of food and gases are made. | Capillaries |
| 95.What is the site where blood pressure is lowest. | Large Veins |
| 96.What is the site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest. | Large arteries |
| 97.What is the site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. | Capillaries |
| 98.What is the site where the blood volume is greatest. | Large veins |
| 99.What is the site where the blood pressure is greatest. | Large arteries |
| 100.What is the site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance. | Large arteries close to the small diameter arterioles |
| 101.What are the three main factors influencing blood pressure? | cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume |
| 102.List the chemicals that control blood pressure? | ADH, Atrial natriuretic peptide, nitric oxide |
| 103.Describe the structure and function of arteries? | All carry blood away from the heart |
| 104.Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? | Intima |
| 105.Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of: | Capillaries |
| 106.The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called: | Hepatic portal system |
| 107.The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the: | Muscular |
| 108.Aldosterone will be released under what circumstances and have what specific effects? | Aldesterone will promote an increase in blood pressure |
| 109.The pulse pressure is: | systoilic pressure minus diastolic pressure |
| 110.Describe the signs of hypovolemic shock. Which sign is a relatively late sign? | results from large scale loss of blood, as might follow acute hemorrhage, severe vomiting or diarrhea, or extensive burns |
| 111.Describe the circulatory events that are likely during vigorous exercise? | capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged w/ blood, skin will be cold & clammy, blood will be rapidly diverted to the digestive organs |
| 112.Continuous capillaries: (what are they and where are they found) | are abundant in skin and skeletal muscles |
| 113.Describe the structure and function of veins? | venules join to form veins, usually have 3 distinct tunics, their walls are always thinner & their lumens larger than those of corresponding arteries; carry blood toward the heart |
| 114.Venous anastomoses: (what are they and where do they occur) | abundant occlusion of vein that rarely blocks blood flow or leads to tissue death |
| 115.Peripheral resistance: (what is it and how does it change) | Peripheral resistance increases as blood viscosity increases |
Created by:
jesswith