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anatomy ch3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The smallest living unit within the human body is | the cell |
| Which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? | cell wall |
| Functions of the plasmalemma include all of the following, except: | thermal insulation |
| The plasma membrane is composed of | a bilayer of phospholipids |
| Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? | Storage of cellular nutrients |
| The tails of a phospholipid molecule are | Hydrophobic |
| The plasmalemma includes | glycolipids cholesterol phospholipids integral proteins |
| What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes? | plasmalemma |
| Membrane proteins perform which of the following functions? | recognition receptors anchoring enzymes |
| The organelles and the watery component of the cell together is called | cytoplasm |
| The watery component of the cytoplasm is called | cytosol |
| Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle, except | lysosomes |
| Components of the cytoskeleton may include all of the following, except | microsomes |
| Which of the following about cytoplasm is false | extracellular fluid contains more protein |
| Many proteins in the cytosol are ___ that accelerate metabolic reactions. | enzymes |
| Microfilaments: | with myosin, produce cell movement consist of the protein called actin anchor the cytoskeleton to membrane proteins control the consistency of cytoplasm |
| Microfilaments... | anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane |
| Tubulin is a | protein that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules) |
| Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains | a higher concentration of potassium ions |
| Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? | microtubules |
| Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the | mitochondria |
| In the mitochondrion, folds are to cristae as the contained fluid is to | matrix |
| Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the | smooth ER |
| Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? | Rough Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the | Golgi apparatus |
| Organelles that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide are | peroxisomes |
| When activated, lysosomes function in | digestion of foreign material |
| Which form of the endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Microtubules have which of the following functions? | Molecular motors move along them They move chromosomes during cell division They form structural components of organelles They provide a mechanism for changing the cell shape |
| Which of the following properties of microtubules is true? | interact with dynein and kinesin |
| The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for | lipid synthesis modification of new proteins drug and toxin neutralization shipping molecules to the Golgi apparatus |
| Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5-8) 1.mitochondrion 5.intracellular transport 2.centriole 6. liquid in cell 3.endoplasmic reticulum 7.manu. cell energy 4. cytosol 8.seperates chromosomes during mitosis | 1 and 7 2 and 8 3 and 5 4 and 6 |
| Tubulin is to microtubules as actin is to | microfilaments |
| Molecular motors that carry materials in opposite directions along microtubules are called | dynein and kinesin |
| Peroxisomes | are more abundant in cells with higher metabolic rates. absorb and break down fatty acids, generating hydrogen peroxide in the process. are produced from other peroxisomes |
| Which of the following statements about Golgi apparatus is false? | sends transport vesicles to the RER |
| Which of the following properties of the cytoskeleton is false? | made of cytobones |
| which organelle is most prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein? | nucleolus |
| If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to | form the mitotic spindle |
| Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true, except one. Identify the exception. | The mitochondria require carbon dioxide and produce oxygen in the process of energy production |
| Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, except | modification of protein |
| What is the proper order of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi Apparatus | 1.Produces from RER are packaged into transport vesicles 2.Vesicles arrive at the forming face3.Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins 4.Material moves from cisterna to cisterna by means of transfer vesicles 5.Secretory vesicles are formed at |
| Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following is the likeliest product of these cells? | steroid hormone |
| Some cells contain large number of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggest that | cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand |
| Microscopic analysis of a tissue sample indicates that it contains abundant myosin filaments. This tissue is probably contain | muscle cells |
| The component of ribosomes are formed within | nucleoli |
| Histones are found in | nucleosomes |
| Chromosomes consist of ___ and ____ | DNA; proteins |
| Most of a cell's DNA is located in its | nucleus |
| The control center for cellular operation is the | nucleus |
| The complex structures of DNA and protein found in the cell nucleus are | chromosomes |
| The triple codes needed to specify a specific polypeptide chain are found in the | gene |
| The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are | genes |
| A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, it | cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months |
| mRNA is needed to synthesize ____ in the cytoplasm | proteins |
| As each codon arrives at the active site of a ribosome, it attracts another molecule containing, the anticodon. This molecule is called | tRNA |
| The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called | translation |
| The process of forming mRNA is called | transcription |
| Specific proteins are manufactured through the interaction of ___ and ___ | multiple enzymes; three types of RNA |
| The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is | UAG |
| The anticodon for the triplet UCA is | AGU |
| Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be | edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm |
| Thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA? | uracil |
| The molecule that brings the proper amino acid into place at the ribosome for the elongation of a new protein is called | tRNA |
| What is the protein synthesis steps? | 1.DNA uncoils from transcription 2.mRNA is produced in nucleus 3.mRNA moves to ribosomes 4.ribosome moves along mRNA 5.tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome 6.polypeptide is produced |
| The unit of DNA that specifies a certain amino acid is called a _ which, during protein synthesis, is matched by the __of tRNA | triplet, codon, anticodon |
| The duplication of DNA is called __ the copying of DNA to mRNA is called___, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein called__ | replication; transcription; translation |
| What would the complimentary DNA template strands to be produce the mRNA sequence of UGU-CAA? | ACA-GTT |
| A gene is a set of specific instructions that | indicates sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule |
| The DNA molecule is like a twisted ladder. WHat molecule form the "sides" of the DNA ladder? | alternating molecules of sugar and phosphate groups |
| A DNA nucleotide is composed of | one nitrogen base, deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group |
| What would the complimentary(matching) mRNA and tRNA molecules be from a DNA molecule that has the following triplets? coding strand: ATG-CAA template strand: TAC-GTT | mRNA: AUG-CAA tRNA: UAC-GUU |
| The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of | diffusion |
| Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane is influenced by all of the following, except | hydrolysis of ATP |
| A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called | hypotonic |
| If a red blood cell (RBC) is placed in a 0.5% salt solution, which of the following would occur? | RBC will hemolyze water will enter the RBC |
| Which statement best describes osmosis? | Diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Osmotic pressure | increases as solute concentration increases |
| "Spikes" form on a blood cell when it is placed in a ____ solution | hypertonic |
| Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into | Hypotonic solution |
| The skin swells and puckers during a long bath. This suggests that bath water is a ___ fluid | hypotonic |
| Red blood cell shrinkage is to __ as cell bursting is to | crenation; hemolysis |
| If the amount of chlorine ion in blood plasma increases, which of the following would initially occur? | the blood osmotic pressure will increase |
| If the concentration of sodium choride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and the concentration of other solutes remains constant | the cells will swell |
| There is a direct correlation between the potency of a general anesthetic such as ether and its ability to | dissolve in lipids |
| An impermeable carbohydrate that is often administrated to patients suffering blood loss is | dextran |
| A patient suffers blood loss and is given IV fluids that contain an impermeable carbohydrate called dextran which serves to | increase the osmolarity of the blood |
| Imagine two rigid chambers separated by a rigid membrane that is freely permeable to water but impermeable to glucose. Side 1 contains a 10% glucose solution and side 2 contains pure water. At equilibrium, what will be the situation? | The hydrostatic pressure will be higher in side 1 |
| Breathing faster and deeper eliminates more carbon dioxide from the body than normal breathing, Under these circumstances | more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood |
| The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called | facilitated diffusion |
| Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that | the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules |
| All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes, except | vesicular transport |
| A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called | active transport |
| The intake of small membrane vesicles from the extracellular fluid is called | endocytosis |
| Two types of vesicular transport include | endocytosis and exocytosis |
| The principal cations in our body fluids are__ and __ | sodium; potassium |
| In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects__ ions from the cell and imports __ ions | sodium; potassium |
| Endocytosis is | a method for transporting substances into the cell |
| A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates | phagocytosis |
| Which of these transport processes always requires metabolic energy | vesicular transport |
| A membrane transport process is found experimentally to have a saturation limit. Which of the following is a possible property of the process? | active transport energy-dependent carrier-mediated cotransport |
| Assume that the transport of a particular amino acid across the plasmalemma is observed(1) to occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow when a similar amino acid is added to the extracellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through | faciliated diffusion |
| Which of the following about a cell's resting transmembrane potential is false? | inside slightly more positive than outside |
| The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the seperation of | cations and anions |
| Changes in the transmembrane potential of a cell are involved in | nerve cell communication |
| In a series of measurements of resting transmembrane potentials, the following values were recorded. Which one is likeliest to be an error? | +100 mV |
| If a cell lacked the enzyme DNA polymerase, it could not | form complementary sequences of DNA |
| When is DNA replicated | interphase |
| The stage in a cells life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called | interphase |
| A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ___ phase | S |
| During mitosis, chromatids seperate into daughter chromosomes during | anaphase |
| Mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is to | reproductive cells |
| During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membranes forms, and cytokinesis occurs | Telophase |
| Before a cell divides, its DNA must be replicated to | supply each new cell with a full set of the genetic material |
| Which phase of the cell cycle has the most variable duration? | G0 phase |
| Generally, cells with a very brief interphase and lacking a G0 phase | are stem cells |
| During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has | the same number of chromosomes as the original cell |
| The correct order of phases in cell division is: | interphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase |
| If a cell has 18 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis how many chromosomes would each daughter cell have? | 18 |
| The genetically programmed death of cells is called | apoptosis |
| An alternate term for tumor is | neoplasm |
| Cancer cells | may exhibit metastasis |
| As genes are functionally eliminated, the cell becomes limited in the range of proteins it can make. This specialization process is termed | differentiation |
| Recognition keeps the immune response from attacking__, while still enabling it to recognize and destroy invading pathogens. | self |
| Receptor molecules on the surface of cells bind specific molecules called, in general,___. | ligands |
| The cytoplasm contains the fluid cytosol and the suspended__. | organelles |
| Masses of insoluble material that are sometimes found in cytosol are known as__ | inclusions |
| ___ cells are all of the cells of the body except the reproductive cells | Somatic |
| The endoplasmic reticulum is an example of a ___ organelle | membranous |
| The extracellular fluid in most tissues is called the __ fluid | interstitial |
| Cilia and flagella contain 9 pairs of __ surrounding a central pair | microtubules |
| ___ are responsible for identifying and digesting damaged or denatured proteins. | Proteasomes |
| The__ typically consist of five or six flattened membranous discs called cisternae | Golgi apparatus |
| The nucleus is surrounded by the | nuclear development |
| In cells that are not dividing, chromosomes uncoil to form a tangle of fine fibers known as__ | Chromatin |
| __ refers to identifying an individual on the basis of repetitive nucleotide sequences in his or her DNA | DNA finger printing |
| Ribosomes are composed of protein and ___ | rRNA |
Created by:
zuzelbarrera