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Fallacies def&ex
Rhetorical Fallacies Definitions and examples
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rhetorical Fallacies | don't allow for the open two way exchange of idea upon which meaningful conversations depend. They distract the reader with various appeals instead of using sound reasoning. |
| Three categories of Fallacies | Emotional which unfairly appeal to the audience's emotions. Ethical which unreasonably advance the writer's own authority or character. Logical which depend on faulty logic. |
| Sentimental Appeals (Emotional) | use emotion to distract the audience from the facts. ex- The thousands of seals killed in the BP oil spill have shown us that oil is not a reliable energy source. |
| Red Herrings (Emotional) | use misleading or unrelated evidence to support a conclusion ex- That painting is worthless because I don't recognize the artist. |
| Scare Tactics (Emotional) | try to frighten people into agreeing with the arguer by threatening them or predicting unrealistically dire consequences ex- If you don't support the party's tax plan, you and your family will be reduced to poverty! |
| Bandwagon Appeals (Emotional) | encourage an audience to agree with the writer because everyone else is doing so. ex- Paris Hilton carries a dog in her purse, therefore, you should, too. |
| Slippery Slope (Emotional) | arguments suggest that one thing will lead to another, oftentimes with disastrous results. ex- If you get a B in high school, you won't get into the college of your choice, and therefore will never have a meaningful career. |
| Either/Or Choices (Emotional) | reduce complicated issues to only two possible courses of action ex- The patent office can either approve my generator design immediately or say goodbye forever to affordable energy. |
| False Need (Emotional) | arguments create an unnecessary desire for things. ex- You need an expensive car to look cool. |
| False Authority (Ethical) | asks audience to agree with the assertion of a writer based simply on his or her character or the authority of another person or institution who may not be fully qualified to offer that assertion. ex- My high school teacher said it, so it must be true. |
| Using Authority Instead of Evidence (Ethical) | occurs when someone offers personal authority as proof ex- Trust me-I know my best friend would not do that. |
| Guilt by Association (Ethical) | calls someone's character into question by examining the character of that person's associates. ex- Sara's friend Amy robbed a bank; therefore, Sara is a delinquent. |
| Dogmatism (Ethical) | shuts down discussion by asserting that the writer's beliefs are the only acceptable ones. ex- I'm sorry, but I think penguins are sea creatures and that's that. |
| Moral Equivalence (Ethical) | compares minor problems with much more serious crimes (or vice versa) ex- These mandatory seat belt laws are fascist. |
| Ad Hominem (Ethical) | arguments attack a person's character rather than that person's reasoning. ex- Why should we think a candidate who recently divorced will keep her campaign promises? |
| Strawperson(Ethical) | arguments set up and often dismantle easily refutable arguments in order to misrepresent an opponent's in order to defeat him or her. ex- A:We need to regulate handguns. B: My opponent is a Commie!! |
| Hasty Generalization (Logical) | draws conclusions from scanty evidence ex- I wouldn't eat at that restaurant-the only time I ate there, my entree was undercooked. |
| Faulty Causality or Post Hoc (Logical) | arguments confuse chronology with causation; one event can occur from another without being caused by it ex- A year after Black Ops 2 came out, incidents of school violence tripled, surely not a coincidence. |
| Non Sequitur (Logical) | is a statement that does not logically relate to what comes before it. An important logical step must be missing in such claim. ex- If they loved their country, they wouldn't question the govt. |
| Equivocation (Logical) | is a half truth, or a statement that is partially correct but that purposefully obscures the entire truth. ex- "I didn't go out that Night" |
| Begging the Question (Logical) | occurs when a writer simply restates the claim in a different way; such an argument is circular. ex- His lies are evident from the untruthful nature of his statements. |
| Faulty Analogy (Logical) | in an inaccurate, inappropriate, or misleading comparison between two things. ex- Letting prisoners out early is like absolving them of their crimes |
| Stacked Evidence(Logical) | represents only one side of the issue, thus distorting the issue. ex- Cats are superior to dogs because they are cleaner, cuter, and more independent. |
Created by:
samantha.spark
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