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Kines Test 1
Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 & 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the study of movement? | Kinesiology |
| Mechanical principles that relate directly to the human body are used in the study of what? | Biomechanics |
| What are the forces causing movement? | Kinetics |
| If you are considering time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system, what moving system are you studying? | Kinematics |
| The dynamic (moving) systems associated with various activities can be further divided into the study of what two concepts? | Kinetics and Kinematics |
| What position includes the human body standing in an upright position, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, arms at the side of the body with the palms facing forward? | anatomical position |
| This position includes the palms facing the side of the body and is often used in discussing rotation of the upper extremity. | fundamental position |
| What term refers to a location or position toward the midline? | medial |
| What term refers to a location or position farther from the midline? | lateral |
| True or False? The ulna is on the medial side of the forearm and the radius is lateral to the ulna. | True. |
| What term refers to the front of the body or to a position closer to the front? | Anterior |
| What term refers to the back of the body or to a position more toward the back? | Posterior |
| True or False? The sternum is posterior on the chest wall and the scapula is anterior. | False. The sternum is anterior on the chest wall, and the scapula is posterior. |
| Name the synonym for anterior. | Ventral. Although synonymous, anterior is the preferred term in kinesiology. |
| Name the synonym for posterior. | Dorsal. Although synonymous, posterior is the preferred term in kinesiology. |
| What term means away from the trunk? | Distal |
| What term means toward the trunk? | Proximal |
| What term is used to indicate the location of a body part that is above another or to refer to the upper surface of an organ or structure? | Superior |
| What term indicates that a body part is below another or refers to the lower surface of an organ or a structure? | Inferior |
| True or False? Humans are bipeds. | True. |
| Which term is the antonym of superficial? (A) Posterior (B) Concentric (C) Deep (D) Hard | (C) Deep |
| Name the term used when a person is lying straight with the face, or anterior surface, pointed upward? | Supine |
| Name the term when a person is in a horizontal position, with the face, or anterior surface, pointed downward? | Prone |
| _______________ is the term that refers to the opposite side. | Contralateral |
| _______________ is the term that refers to two, or both sides. | Bilateral |
| Name the term for the reference of a joint's surface motion in relation to the body segment's motion. | Arthrokinematic motion |
| ____________________, also called translatory motion, occurs in a more or less straight line from one location to another. | Linear motion |
| What is the term for movement that occurs in a straight line? | Rectilinear motion (such as the motion of a child sledding down a hill) |
| What is the term for movement that occurs in a curved path that isn't necessary circular? | Curvilinear motion (such as the path that a diver takes after leaving the diving board until entering the water or a skier coming down a ski slope) |
| What is the term for movement of an object around a fixed point? | Angular motion (aka rotary motion; such as the motion seen when a person flexes his or her knee) |
| True or False. It is not uncommon to see more than one type of motion occurring at the same time. | True. |
| Name the term for the study of joint movements, specifically the movement of bones around a joint axis. | Osteokinematics |
| What type of joint motion is occurring when a person extends his hand to make a stop/halt motion? | Dorsiflexion |
| What time of joint movement occurs when a person stands on their tip-toes? | Plantar flexion |
| What is the term for the straightening movement of one bone away from another, causing an increase of the joint angle? | Extension |
| What is the name for the bending movement of one bone on another, bringing the two segments together and causing a decrease in the joint angle? | Flexion |
| What is the term for the continuation of extension beyond anatomical position? | Hyperextension |
| Name the four body parts that have the availability to comfortably hyperextend. | shoulder, hip, neck, and trunk |
| True or false? Abduction is the movement away from the midline. | True. |
| True or false? Adduction is the movement toward the midline. | True. ("Add" = adding to the body) |
| Beginning with the right at a 90 degree angle (straight out) and moving the arm across the body to be straight out in front of you is called what? | Horizontal adduction (hopefully that kind of makes sense lol) |
| What is the motion that describes a circular, cone-shaped pattern? | Circumduction |
| What is the term to describe when the hand moves laterally toward the thumb side? | Radial deviation |
| What is the term to describe when the hand moves medially from the anatomical position toward the little finger side at the wrist? | Ulnar deviation |
| What is the term for the movement of the trunk moving sideways? | lateral bending |
| What is the term for movement of a bone or part around its longitudinal axis? | Rotation |
| If the anterior surface rolls inward toward the midline, it is called ______________ rotation. | Medial (aka internal rotation) |
| If the anterior surface rolls outward, away from the midline, it is called ____________ rotation. | Lateral (aka external rotation) |
| Rotation of the forearm is referred to as ______________________ and ___________________. | Supination and pronation |
| In anatomical position, the forearm is in what position? | Supination (the faces of the palm of the hand forward or anteriorly) |
| What is the term for the moving of the sole of the foot inward at the ankle? | Inversion. |
| What plane do the movements of inversion and eversion take place at? | Frontal |
| What is the term for the moving of the sole of the foot outward at the ankle? | Eversion |
| Name the term: mostly a linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground and away from the midline (taking place at the shoulder level) | Protraction |
| Name the term: mostly a linear movement in the same plane but toward the midline (taking place at the shoulder level) | Retraction |
| Which movement is being used when you are putting your belt through the belt loops above your bootie? | Retraction |
| The sternum is __________________ to the vertebral column. | Anterior |
| The calcaneus is on the __________________ portion of the foot. | Posterior |
| The hip is _______________ to the chest. | Inferior |
| The femur is _______________ to the tibia. | Superior. |
| The radius is on the __________________ side of the forearm. | Lateral |
| A person lying on a bed staring at the ceiling is in what position? | Supine |
| When touching the left shoulder with the left hand, is a person using the contralateral or ipsilateral hand? | Ipsilateral. |
| What term refers to the same side of the body? | Ipsilateral |
| What is the only difference between anatomical and fundamental position? | The palms face forward in anatomical and face toward the body in fundamental. |
| Name the four main sites of blood formation. | ilium, vertebra, sternum, and ribs |
| The bones of the body are grouped into two main categories. Name them. | Axial and appendicular |
| The _______ skeleton forms the upright part of the body. | Axial; it contains approximately 80 bones of the head, thorax, and trunk |
| The appendicular skeleton attaches to the axial skeleton and contains the ____ bones of the extremities. How many bones? | 126 |
| How many bones are in the human body? | 206 |
| Bone is made up of ____ organic (living) and ____ inorganic (nonliving) material. List fractions. | 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic |
| Which type of bone makes up a hard, dense outer shell, always completely covers bone and tends to be think along the shaft and thing at the ends of long bones? | Compact bone |
| What type of bone is porous and spongy (trabeculae), arranged in a pattern that resists local stresses and strains, tends to be filled with marrow, and makes the bone lighter? | Cancellous bone |
| What is the name of the area at the end of each long bone that tends to be wider than the shaft and contains cartilaginous material during adolescence when the bone is growing? | Epiphysis |
| What do you call the main shaft of the bone? | Diaphysis |
| The center of the diaphysis is hollow, contains marrow and provides passage for nutrient arteries. What do you call this center area? | medullary canal |
| Name the membrane that lines the medullary canal. | Endosteum (it contains osteoclasts which are mainly responsible for bone resorption) |
| In long bones, the flared part at each end of the diaphysis is called the _______________. | metaphysis |
| ____________________ is the thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the articular surfaces that are covered with hyaline cartilage. | Periosteum |
| True or False. On an x-ray, a growing bone will show a distinct line between the epiphyseal plate and the rest of the bone. This line will continue to be visible all through adulthood. | False. Only a growing bone will show a distinct line between the epiphyseal plate and the rest of the bone. This lines does not exist in the normal adult bone. This absence indicates that bone growth has stopped. |
| Which types of bones tend to have more equal dimensions of height, length, and width, giving them a cube shape? | Short bones |
| Which type of bones have a very broad surface but are not very thick, tend to have a curved surface rather than a flat one, are made up of two layers of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow in between? | Flat bones. The ilium and scapula are good examples of flat bones. |
| Which type of bones have a variety of mixed shapes and examples include the vertebrae and sacrum? They are also composed of cancellous bone and marrow encased in a thin layer of compact bone. | Irregular bones |
| Which types of bones are small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities? | Sesamoid bones |
| ______________, broken bone, or cracked bone are all synonymous. | Fracture |
| Which condition is characterized by loss of normal bone density or bone mass? | Osteoporosis |
| Which condition is an infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria? | Osteomyelitis |
| Legg-Calve-Perthes disease occurs at the proximal head of what bone? | femur |
| Name the marking: hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass | foramen (example: vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra) |
| Name the marking: hollow or depression | fossa (example: glenoid fossa of scapula) |
| Name the marking: ditch-like groove containing a tendon or blood vessel | groove (example: bicipital (intercondylar) groove of humerus) |
| Name the marking: canal or tubelike opening in a bone | meatus (example: external auditory meatus) |
| Name the marking: air-filled cavity within a bone | sinus (example: frontal sinus in frontal bone) |
| Name the marking: rounded knucklelike projection | condyle (example: medial condyle of femur) |
| Name the marking: projecting, prominent part of the bone | eminence (example: intercondylar eminence of tibia) |
| Name the marking: flat or shallow articular surface | facet (example: articular facet of rib) |
| Name the marking: rounded, articular projection beyond a narrow, necklike portion of the bone | head (example: femoral head) |
| Name the marking: sharp ridge or border | crest (example: iliac crest of hip) |
| Name the marking: prominence above or on a condyle | epicondyle (example: medial epicondyle of humerus) |
| Name the marking: less prominent ridge | line (example: linea aspera of femur) |
| Name the marking: long, thin projection (spinous process) | spine (example: scapular spine) |
| Name the marking: small, rounded projection | tubercle (example: greater tubercle of humerus) |
| Name the marking: large, rounded projection | tuberosity (example: ischial tuberosity) |
| Name the marking: very large prominence for muscle attachment | trochanter (example: greater trochanter of femur) |
| Name a common condition at the traction of the epiphysis of the tibial tuberosity in children whose bones are still growing. | Osgood-Schlatter disease |
| Which is heavier, compact bone or cancellous bone? | Compact bone |
| Is the humerus part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | Appendicular |
| Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | Appendicular |
| Is the sternum part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | Axial |
| Is the cranium part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | Axial |
| Is the sacrum part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? | Axial |
| Although joints have several functions, what is perhaps the most important function? | allows motion |
| Among other things, joints contain this which lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage. | Synovial fluid |
| Its the beginning of the semester and yet we are _______________ beyond belief. | Stressed!!!! Breathe, stretch, laugh, and trust that one day it will be all over and we will be happy little COTAs..."Worrying is a waste of time. It messes with your mind and steals your happiness." |
| What type of joint has a thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones, as in the sutures of the skull? | Fibrous |
| There are three types of fibrous joints. Name them. | Synarthrosis, syndesmosis, and gomphosis |
| What time of fibrous joint has a thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones, as in the sutures of the skull, the ends of the bone are shaped to allow them to interlock, and their purpose is to provide shape & strength (essentially no motion)? | Synarthrosis |
| What type of fibrous joint has a great deal of fibrous tissue holding the joints together and allows for a small amount of twisting or stretching movement? | Syndesmosis |
| The distal tibiofibular joint at the ankle and the distal radioulnar joints are examples of what type of fibrous joint? | Syndesmosis |
| What type of fibrous joint occurs between the tooth and the wall of its dental socket in the mandible and the maxilla? | Gomphosis (aka peg-in-socket) |
| Which type of joint has either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between the to bones, allow a small amount of motions such as bending or twisting and some compression, and provide a great deal of stability? | Cartilaginous (aka amphiarthrodial joints) |
| What type of joint has no direct union between the bone ends and instead has a cavity filled with synovial fluid contained with a sleevelike capsule, allows for free motion and is not as stable as the other types of joints? | Synovial joint (aka diarthrodial joint) |
| The first sternocostal joint is an example of what type of joint? | Cartilaginous |
| The hip, elbow, and knee joints are all examples of what type of joint? | Synovial (diarthrosis) |
| Movement tends to be linear instead of angular in what type of joint? A) uniaxial B) nonaxial C)hinge | CORRECTED CARD! (B) nonaxial is the correct answer |
| The joint surfaces are relatively flat and glide over one another instead of moving around the other in what type of joint? | Nonaxial (can be described as occurring on a plane joint) |
| What type of joint has angular motion occurring in one plane around one axis, much like a hinge? | Uniaxial |
| The elbow (or humeroulnar joint) is a good example of what type of joint? The interphalangeal joints of the hand and foot also have this joint. | Hinge joint (the convex shape of the humerus fits into the concave-shaped ulna |
| The only motions possible at a hinge joint are _______________ and _____________. | flexion and extension |
| The radioulnar joint at the elbow is an example of a ___________ joint (another type of uniaxial motion) | Pivot (occurs in the transverse plane around the longitudinal axis). |
| The motion of the atlantoaxial joint of C1 and C2 is occurring at what type of joint? | Pivot |
| __________ joint motion, such as that found at the wrist, occurs in two different directions. | Biaxial |
| The bones of the CMC (carpometacarpal) joint of the thumb: the articular surface of each bone is concave in one direction and covex in the other. What type of joint is this? | Saddle joint (named because the surfaces fit together like a horseback rider in a saddle) |
| MCM (metacarpophalangeal) joints - the joints of the wrist - are referred to as ___________ joints because of the shape. | Condyloid |
| With a ______________ joint, sometimes referred to as a multiaxial joint, motion occurs actively in all three axes. | triaxial |
| The triaxial joint is also referred to as what type of joint (due to the femoral head fitting into the concave socket of acetabulum ). | Ball-and-socket joint |
| ____________ connect bone to bone. | ligaments |
| ____________ connect muscle to bone. | tendons |
| Every synovial joint has a __________ that surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces of the bones. | capsule; each capsule has two layers (inner lined with synovial membrane and outer consisting of fibrous tissue that supports and protects the joint) |
| _____________ is a dense, fibrous connective tissue that can withstand great amounts of pressure and tension. | Cartilage |
| Name the three basic types of cartilage. | Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic |
| What type of cartilage covers the ends of opposing bones? | Hyaline (also called articular) |
| Which type of cartilage acts as a shock absorber? | Fibrocartilage |
| What is the name of the semilunar-shaped cartilage at the knee? | Menisci |
| What type of cartilage makes up the intervertebral discks that lie between the vertebral bones? | Firbrocartilage; this allows the disks to be capable of absorbing an amazing amount of shock that is transmitted upward from weight bearing forces. |
| What type of cartilage makes up the disk between the clavicle and sternum? | Fibrocartilage; important for absorbing shock transmitted along the clavicle to the sternum should you fall on your outstretched hand |
| What do you call the shoulder fibrocartilage? | labrum |
| Which type of cartilage is designed to help maintain a structure's shape, found in the external ear, eustachian tube, and larynx? | elastic |
| Name the term: a broad, flat tendinous sheet | aponeurosis (examples: latissimus dorsi attached to several bones via an aponeurosis and abdominal muscles attached to aponeurosis called the linea alba) |
| Name the term: small, padlike sacs found around most joints | bursae |
| Which plane passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into right and left parts? | Sagittal (think of it as a vertical wall, motions occurring in this plane are flexion and extension) |
| Which plane passes through the body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts? | Frontal (aka coronal plane); motions occurring in this plane are abduction and adduction |
| Which plane passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts? | Transverse (aka horizontal plane); rotation occurs in this plane |
| Whenever a plane passes through the midline of a part, whether it is the sagittal, frontal, or transverse plane, it is referred to as a _____________ plane. | Cardinal |
| The point where the three cardinal planes intersect each other is known as what? | Center of Gravity (COG) |
| ___________ are points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates. | Axes |
| The ____________ axis is a point that runs through a joint from front to back. | Sagittal |
| The _________ axis is a point that runs through a joint from side to side. | Frontal |
| The _________ axis is a point that runs through a joint from top to bottom | Vertical axis (also called longitudinal axis) |
| Joint movement occurs around an axis that is always _________________ to its plane. | perpendicular |
| Flexion and extension will always occur in the ______________ plane around the ___________ axis. | sagittal plane around the frontal axis |
| A uniaxial joint has one motion around one axis and in one plane. How many degrees of freedom? | One |
| A ____________ joint has two degrees of freedom. | Biaxial |
| What type of joint has three degrees of freedom? | Triaxial |
| Name the pathological term: complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint | dislocation (a portion of the joint capsule surrounding the joint will be torn) |
| Name the pathologocial term: a partial dislocation of a joint which usually occurs over a period of time | subluxation (common example: shoulder subluxation that develops after a person has had a stroke, muscle paralysis and the weight of the arm slowly subluxes the shoulder joint) |
| Name the pathological term: a type of arthritis that is caused by breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of of more joints | osteoarthritis (aka degenerative arthritis, occurs more commonly as we age in the hands, feet, spine, and large weight-bearing joints such as the hips and knees) |
| Name the pathological term: a partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers | sprain (mild: tearing of a few fibers, moderate: partial tearing of the ligament and with some loss of function, severe: ligament is completely town and no longer functions) |
| Name the pathological term: the overstretching of muscle fibers | strain |
| Name the pathological term: inflammation of a tendon | tenonitis |
| Name the pathological term: inflammation of the synovial membrane | synovitis |
| Name the pathological term: inflammation of the tendon sheath (often caused by repetitive use) | Tenosynovitis (common site: tendon of the long head of the biceps and the flexor tendons of the hand) |
| Name the pathological term: inflammation of the bursa | bursitis |
| Name the pathological term: inflammation of the joint capsule | capsulitis |
| Name the term: a subjective assessment of the quality of the feel when slight pressure is applied at the end of the joint's passive range of motion | end feel |
| ____________ end feel may be present when pain, muscle guarding, swelling, or abnormal anatomy stops the joint movement. | abnormal |
| __________ end feel exists when there is full passive ROM at a joint and the normal anatomical structures (e.g., bone, capsule, muscle, or muscle length) stops the movement | normal |
| Name the three types of normal end feel. | Bony, soft tissue stretch, and soft tissue approximation |
| Which end feel is characterized by a hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion? Is this normal or abnormal? | Bony / normal |
| Normal terminal elbow extension as the olecranon process contacts the olecranon fossa is an example of what type of normal end feel? | Bony |
| Which end feel is characterized by a firm sensation that has slight give when the joint is taken to the end-range of motion? Is this normal or abnormal? | Soft tissue stretch / normal |
| Which is the most common end feel? | Soft tissue stretch |
| Shoulder medial and lateral rotation, hip and knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion are all examples of what type of normal end feel? | Soft tissue stretch |
| Which end feel occurs when muscle bulk is compressed? Is it normal or abnormal? | Soft tissue approximation / normal |
| Elbow flexion is an example of what type of normal end feel? | Soft tissue approximation (especially evident on a person with well-developed muscles or someone who is extremely obese) |
| Name the 5 abnormal end feels. | Boggy, Empty, Abnormal bony end, Muscle spasm, Springy block (BEAMS) |
| Which end feel is characterized by the sudden hard stop usually felt well before the end of normal ROM where abnormal bony structures such as an osteophyte (bone spur) block the joint's motion? | Abnormal bony end feel (abnormal) |
| Which end feel is often found in acute conditions in which soft tissue edema is present, such as immediately after a severe sprained ankle or with synovitis? | Boggy end feel (abnormal); it has a soft, "wet sponge" feel |
| Which end feel is a reflexive muscle guarding during motion that is a protective response seen with acute injury? | Muscle spasm (abnormal); palpation of the muscle will reveal the muscle in spasm |
| Which end feel occurs when there is no mechanical limitation at the end of the range because the movement produces considerable pain and the individual will not let you move the part through further ROM? | Empty end feel (abnormal) |
| Which end feel is characterized by a rebound movement felt at the end of the ROM | Spring block (abnormal) |
| Name the term: viewing joint movement to look at what is taking place within the joint at the joint surfaces | arthrokinematic motion |
| osteokinematic motion is referred to as ________ motion while arthrokinematic motion is reffered to as ___________ __________ motion. | Joint / Joint surface |
| Name the term: motions that accompany active motion but are not under voluntary control. | component movements |
| Name the term: passive movements between joint surfaces done by passively applying external force | joint play |
| Name the term: passive oscillatory motion or sustained stretch that is applied at a slow enough speed by an external force that the individual can stop the motion | joint mobilization |
| Name the term: passive movement applied within a short range and with a very forceful thrust that cannot be stopped; applied under anesthesia | manipulation |
| What type of surface is rounded outward, much like a mound? | convex |
| What type of surface is rounded inward? | concave (looks like a "cave") |
| What type of joint has two bones forming a convex-concave relationship? | ovoid joint |
| In the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, one surface is concave (proximal phalanx) and the other is convex (metacarpal). What type of joint does this explain? | Ovoid joint |
| Name the three types of arthrokinematic motion. | Roll, Glide/Slide, & Spin |
| Name the term: rolling of one joint surface on another | roll (type of arthrokinematic motion) |
| Name the term: linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface | slide (type of arthrokinematic motion) |
| Name the term: the rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface | spin (type of arthrokinematic motion) |
| Which joint motion clearly demonstrates that all three types of arthrokinematic motion are necessary to obtain full flexion and extension? | knee joint |
| Which rule describes how the differences in shapes of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement? | Concave-convex rule |
| A ______________ joint surface will move on a fixed convex surface in the same direction the body segment is moving. (A) Convex (B) Concave | (B) Concave |
| A _______________ joint surface will move on a fixed surface in the opposite direction as the moving body segment. (A) Convex (B) Concave | (A) Convex |
| Name the term: how well joint surfaces match or fit | joint congruency |
| When a joint is _____________, the joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed and are difficult to distract (separate). | congruent |
| Congruent joint surfaces are know as __________ position. (A) open-packed (B) closed-packed | (B) closed-packed Open-packed position is in all other positions. Open-packed position is also referred to as resting position (parts of the capsule and supporting ligaments are lax). |
| ______________, also called distraction or tension, occurs when external force is exerted on a joint, causing the joint surfaces to pull apart. | Traction |
| _____________, also called compression, occurs when an external force is exerted on a joint, causing the joint surfaces to be pushed closer together | Approximation |
| _____________ forces occur parallel to the surface and result in a glide motion at the joint. | Shear |
| ____________ occurs when an other-than-vertical force is applied, resulting in compression on the concave side and distraction on the convex side. | Bending |
| When a joint is _____________, it is in the closed-packed position. When the joint is ___________, it is in the open-packed position. | congruent, incongruent |
| What is the branch of physics dealing with the study of forces and the motion produced by their actions? | Mechanics |
| Which branch of physics involves taking the principles and methods of mechanics and applying them to the structure and function of the human body? | Biomechanics |
| _______________ involves factors associated with moving systems and can be divided into kinetics and kinematics. | Dynamics |
| ________________ deals with forces causing movement in a system, whereas ______ involves the time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system. | Kinetics / Kinematics |
| How many OTs does it take to change a light bulb? | None, they teach the light bulb to change itself. |
| Name the term: the amount of matter in an object | mass |
| Name the term: the tendency of an object to stay at rest or in motion | inertia |
| Name the term: any change in the velocity of an object | acceleration |
| Name the term: speed | velocity |
| Name the law of motion: an object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion (unless acted upon by an external force) | First Law / Law of Inertia |
| Name the law of motion: F = MxA (force is equal to mas X acceleration); the amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object (it requires more effort to move a heavier object) | Second Law / Law of Acceleration |
| Name the law of motion: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (in OT this means the accumulative trauma to the body caused by keeping our clients in motion; so OT juggles between stability vs mobility so we need equal amounts of each) | Third Law / Law of Action-Reaction |
| Name the term: a push or pull action (the effort of motion) | force; no motion can occur without a force, forces can be internal or external |
| Name the term: the tendency of force to produce rotation around an axis (rotary force); also the amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint motion | torque |
| Name the term: when all torques action on an object are even, a state of equilibrium | stability |
| Name the term: the balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal (where they intersect at a point) | Center of Gravity (COG) - in the human body it is positioned at the 2nd sacral vertebrae (S2) |
| Name the term: the part of the body that is in contact with the supporting surface | Base of Support (BOS) |
| The lower the COG, the more _____________ the joint. | stable |
| The COG and the LOG (line of gravity) must remain within the _______ for an object to remain stable. | BOS (Base of Support) |
| Stability ____________ as the BOS is widened in the direction of the force. (A) increases or (B) decreases | (A) increases |
| The greater the ________ of an object, the greater the stability. | mass |
| The greater the friction between the supporting surface and the BOS, the more ___________ the body will be. | stable |
| People will have better balance while moving if they focus on a _____________ object. | Stationary |
| Name the term: a ridged object that rotates around a fixed point (axis) when a force (effort) is applied. The force (muscular in the body) must overcome the load (resistance in order to move. | levers |
| Name the term: an imaginary vertical line passing through the COG toward the center of the Earth | Line of Gravity (LOG) |
| What lever class? The axis is located between the force and the resistance (F - A - R)? | First class |
| Moving your chin to your chest is what motion? | Cervical flexion |
| Moving the back of your head towards your back is what motion? | cervical hyperextension |
| If you start with your chin against your chest (cervical flexion) and move your head back, you are using what lever class? | First - the posterior neck muscles are the force, the axis is at the the first cervical vertebra and the resistance is the weight of your head (F - A - R) |
| If you start in a position with the back of your head towards your back (cervical hyperextension) and move your head forward, you are using what lever class? | First class - the force is now the anterior neck muscles, the axis is the first cervical vertebra, and the resistance remains the weight of your head. Since the axis remains in the middle of the F and R, you are still in first class lever. |
| What lever class? The resistance is in the middle, with the axis at one end and the force at the other end A - R - F | Second class |
| When you go up on your tip toes, what class of lever? | Second class; the force is the calf muscle, the resistance is the bones of the leg, and the axis is the MTP joint (plantar flexors) |
| What lever class? The force is in the middle, with resistance and the axis at the opposite ends, A - F - R | Third class |
| Which is the most common lever type in the body? | Third class (most common by far) |
| When doing elbow flexion with nothing in your hand, the BICEPS is exerting the force, the axis is the elbow joint (slightly posterior to the biceps muscle), and the resistance is the weight of the forearm and hand (the limb itself); what lever class? | Third |
| When doing elbow flexion without a weight and referring to the BRACHIALIS, what class of lever? | Second (A - R - F: Axis is the elbow joint, resistance is the forearm, and the force is at the wrist - |
| Name the term: a grooved wheel that turns on an axle with a rope or cable riding in the groove; its purpose is to either change the direction of the | pulley |
| True or False. When treating a pt w/ arthritis and pt is unable to turn faucet handles easily, replacing the handle with a long, lever-type handle can assist the patient since turning around a larger wheel or handle requires less force (wheel and axle). | True |
| Name the term: a flat surface that slants; none in the human body but important in reference to wheelchair accessibility | inclined plane |
| This stack consists of ___ more cards than the number of bones in the human body. | 51 (257 cards and 206 bones in the human body) |
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a_roccio