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bio 208 exam 2
carla
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mature bones are termed | osteocytes |
| cells that synthesize the organic compounds of the bone matrix are termed | osteoblasts |
| large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matric are termed | osteoclasts |
| the medullary cavity of bone contain | marrow |
| the shaft on a long bone is called the | diaphysis |
| when sexual hormone production increases, bone growth | accelerates rapidly |
| the most abundant mineral in the human bod is | calcium |
| elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of what hormone | calcitonin |
| the hormone calcitonin functions to | increase the rate of bone deposition |
| the parathyroid hormone | stimulates osteoclast activity, increases the rate of calcium absorption, decreases the rate of calcium excretion, stimulates osteoclast activity and decreases the rate of calcium excretion only |
| vit d is necessary for | absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions |
| a lack of exercise would | result in thin brittle bones |
| when stress is applied to bones | osteoblast activity increases |
| the normal loss of bone that occurs with aging is called | osteopenia |
| the longest and heaviest bone is the | femur |
| decreasing the angle between bones is termed | flexion |
| when the epihyseal plate is replaced by bone | long bones have reached their adult length |
| nodding your head up and down is an example of | flexion and extension |
| which is greater osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent or present? | absent |
| which is greater when blood calcium levels when parathyroid hormones increase or decrease? | increase |
| neurotransmitters are released from the | snyaptic terminals/knobs |
| the brain and spinal chord comprise the | central nervous system |
| the ion needed to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is | calcium |
| during salatory conduction | action potentials occur between successive nodes along the length of the stimuled axon |
| the al or none principle states that | all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials |
| opening of sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in | depolarization |
| at the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its ion exchange pump | exchanges 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions |
| if the sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane fails to function | extra cellular concentration of potassium ions will increase, intracellular concentration of sodium ions increases, membrane will lose its capacity to generate action potential, and the inside of the membrane will have a resting potential that is more |
| cont. | positive then negative |
| tetradotoxin is a toxin that blocks the sodium channels from opening, what effect would this have on the function of the neurons | the neurons would not be able to propagate action potentials |
| sequence of events that occur at a typical cholinergic synapse | arriving action potential depolarizes the synaptic know and presynaptic membrane, Ca ions enter the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob and ACh release occurs, Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, |
| cont | sodium channels on the postsynaptic surface are activated, producing a graded depolarization, ACH release ceases because Ca ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the synaptic knob, depolarization ends as ACH is broken down into acetate and choline by ACH |
| cont | the synaptic knob reabsorbs choline from the synaptic cleft and uses it to resynthesize ach |
| voluntary control of the skeleal muscles is provided by | somatic nervous system |
| cells responsible for information processing and transfer are | neurons |
| the axon is connnected to the soma body at a region called the | hillock |
| branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called | collateral |
| the site of intercellular communication between neurons is | synapse |
| main steps in the generation of an action potential | graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold, Na channel activation occurs, NA ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs, Na channels are inactivated, potassium channels ope and potassium moves out of the cell initiating |
| cont | repolarizatio, Na channels regain their normal properties, a temporary hyperpolarizaion occurs |
| the sodium potassium exchange pump | requires atp to function |
| what type of membrane channels are non gates and responsible for the permeability of the membrane at rest | leak channels |
| which of th following is true of a graded potential | a stimulus causes ion channels to open whichchanges membrane permiability |
| which of he following is not truw about changes in the membrane potential | an increase in the movement of calcium ions into the cell creates a hyperpolarization |
| which of the following statements in incorrect | skeletal muscles are responsible for the pumping action of the heart |
| the cell membrane of the skeletal muscles is called the | sacrolemma |
| the command to contract is distributed thoughout a muscle fiber by the | transverse tubules |
| interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sacromere are responsible for | muscle contraction |
| thin filaments at eithier end of the sacromere are attatched to the | z line |
| at rest active sites on the actin are blocked by | tropomysin molecules |
| active sites on actin become available for binding when | Ca binds to troponin |
| in response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules the sacroplasmic reticulum release | calcium ions |
| the smooth but steady increase in muscle tension produced by increasing the number of active motor units is calle | recruitment |
| creatine phosphate | acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue |
| fast fibers | contract quickly |
| activities that require anerobic endurance | require max contraction of muscles for short periods of time |
| which of the following is not characteristic of smooth muscle | neurons that innervate smooth muscle are under voluntary control |
| during relaxation muscles return to their original length because | elastic forces, contraction of opposing muscles, pull of gravity, elastic nature of the sacroilemma |
| in whihc of the following would the ratio of motor neurons to muscle fibers be the greatest | muscles that control the eyes |
| a person whose genetic makeup makes them a better mrathon runner than a sprinter probably has more.....in their leg muscles | slow fibers |
| which of the following would contract most forcefully a muscle recieving 10, or 20 action potentials per second | 20 |
| the functional unit of the skeletal muscle is the | sacromere |
| the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the | sacroplasm |
| the brain and the spinal chord comprise the | central nervous system |
| voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the | somatic nervous system |
| cells responsible for information processing and transfer are | neurons |
| neural reflexes | are automatic motor responses, are triggered by specific stimuli, and show little variability in their response |
| what are the steps involved in reflexes | arrival of a stimulus and activation of a receptor, activation of a sensory action, information processing, activation of motor neurons, response by an effector |
| layers of meninges from superficial to deep | dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia mater |
| hat structure is highly vascular and closely adheres to the surface of the brain | pia mater |
| which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid? | provides a medium for nerve impulse transmission |
| which is the site of cerebrospinal fluid production | choroid plexus |
| diffusion across the arachnoid granulations returns excess CSF to | venous circulation |
| the region of the brain that is involved in conscience thought and intellectual functions as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the | cerebrum |
| the.....acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscience and uncoscience sensory and motor pathways | diesencephalon |
| overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapis adjustments to maintain balcne and equilibrium are functions of the | cerebellum |
| the stretch reflex | is important in regulating posture |
| another name for the patellar reflex is | the knee jerk reflex |
| what is responsible for the reciporcal inhibition? | intrneurons in the spinal chord |
| the simplest reflexes are mediated at the level of the | spinal chord |
| the highest levels of information processing occurs in the | cerebrum |
| we can distinguish sensations that originate in different areas of the body because | sensory neurons from each body region synapse in specific brain regions |
| major centers concerned with autonomic control of breathin, blood pressure, heart rates, and digestive activites are located in the | medulla oblongate |
| which of the following is not a division of the autonomic nervous system? | somatic nervous system |
| which of the following differences between the CNS and ANS is incorrect | CNS always excitatory, ANS always inhibitory |
| the.....neurons runs from the CNS and autonomic ganlion | preganglionic |
| in the sympathetic division the pregangglionic neuron is | short and myelinated and the preganglionic is long and non-myolenated |
| the cell body of the parasympatheitc pregangliconic neurons are found in the | brains stem and lateral grey horns of the sacral area of the spinal chrod |
| the nerve plexuses of the enteric nercous system recieve contributions from all of the following except | somatic motor neurons that connect the CNS to the digestive tract |
| nerve fibers that are considered cholinergic secrete.... as the neurotransmitter | norepinephrine |
| autonomic reflexes are used by the body to help regulate | blood pressure, heart rates, digestion, |
| which of the following organs recieve sympathetic innervation, but not parasympatetic | arrector pilli muscle |
| which of the following organs recieve only parasmpathetic innervation | urinary bladder wall |
| which of the following is a function of the sympatheic division? | dilate the pupil |
| which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic dicioson | contraction of airways |
| in general the parasympatheitc division will | increase digesive function |
| the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are in the | lateral gray horns of T1 through L2 region of the spinal chord |
| why does the sympathetic division of the ANS have a more generalized effect in the body? | one preganglionic neuron synapse with many postganglionic neuors, and the secretion of epinepherine and noreepinephire can effect many organs |
| which divisions of the ANS has the major influence under condition of phsyical acitivity or stress | sympathetic |
| which divisions of the ANS has the major influence under resting condition | para sympatheitc |
| a sudden increase in blood pressue detected by baroreceptors in the wall of large arteries near the heart will cause | parasympathetic reduction of heart rate and sympathetic dilation of blood vessels |
| what stryucture has overall control of the ANS | hypothalamus |
| the myoin head binds most directly to which of the choices below | actin active site |
| a person whose genetic makeup makes them better marathon runners than a sprinter probably has more... in their mucles | slow muscle fibers |
| which most allows a person's muscles to increase their single quick jerk from 5 to 50 pounds | muscle recruitment |
| which of he below is the biggest difference between smooth and skeletal muscles? | can exhibit autoramatically |
| creatine phosphate | can contract independently |
| which of the following factors would not increase the strength of or chances that a sk. muscle will contract? | increased periability of sacrolemma to K+ |
| action potentials convey info to the brain through each of these means except | the size or shape of the A.P. |
| the... acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscience and unconscience sensory and motor pathways | diencephalon |
| which brain structure fine tunes detailed voluntary and ballistic movement | cerrebelum |
| which brain structur is most closely associated with thirst, hunger, rage, and pleasure? | hypothalamus |
| which of the following is respnosible for reciporacal inhibition | interneurons in the spinal cord |
| each of the following are associates with the autonomic nervous system except | usually under voluntray and conscience control |
| each of the following are associated wth the stretch reflex except | can involve cranial nerves |
| a sudden increase in blood pressue detected by baroreceptors in the walls of large arteries near the heart will cause | parasympathetic reduction of heart rate and sympathetic dilation of blood vessels |
| Vitamin D is necessary for | absorption and transport of calcium and psophate ions |
| what type f membrane channels are non gated and responsible for the permiabitlity of the membrane at rest | leak channels |
| the active sites on actin become available for binding when | calcium binds to troponin |
| which of the following is the site of cerebrospinal fluid protection | choroid plexus |
| autonomic reflexes are used by the body to help regulate each of the following except | skeletal muscles |
| the... neuorons runs from the cns and the autonomic ganglion | preganglionic |
| about what % of an adults bone is replaced each year? | about 25% |
| appositional bone growth is most closely related with which of the following | diameter growth by adding new bones towards the outside |
| the normal loss of bone that occurs with aging is | osteopenia |
| which cell type produces the myeln sheath | oligodendrocytes |
| which molecule listed below in its ionic form is high inside our cells than in our blood | potassium |
| the most abundant mineral in the body is | calcium |
| the action potential exhibits the following characteristics except | it can summate |
| which is the most responsible for the absolute refractory of the action potentials | Na channel inactivation gate |
| which of the following is not true about changes in the membrane potential, an increase in: | cl in cells causes depolarization or ca in cells causes hyperpolarization |
| which below most directly precedes the release of Ca from the sacroplasmic reticulum | action potential along muscle cell |
| which is most closl related with the thin filaments in muscle? | The I band |
| voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by he | somatic nervous system |
| which component below binds most directly to the actin filament? | troponin C |
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