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Mitosis Robert
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Division is into three major stages name them. | Interphse, Mitosis and Cytokinesis. |
| Define Interphase | Interphase is the portion of the cell cycle where the cell prepares to undergo cell division. the cell grows and the chromosomes replicate. |
| Define Mitosis. | Mitosis is where the replicated chromosomes are separated and moved to either side of the cell. Mitosis can be divided into 4 separate stages |
| what is the 4 stages of Mitosis | Prophase Metaphase,Anaphase, Telophase |
| define Prophase | Prophase is when the nuclear membrane breaks down and the DNA of the DNA Condenses and coils to form a chromosome, which can be seen through the use of a microscope. In animal cell, centrioles replicate and move to opposite poles of the cell and begin to |
| Metaphase define it | the replicated chromosomes line up in the center of the cell in preparation for separation. The spikdle fibersattach to the chormosomes. In plant cells, spindle fibers can be seen at this time. |
| Define Anaphase | Anaphase is when the replicated chromosomes are moved to either side of the cell by the spindle fibers. |
| Define Telophase | During Telophase the nuclear membrane reforms and surrounds the chromosomes. The DNA begins to uncoil until the Chromosomes are unable to be seen. At the end of this phase the cytoplasm and its content begins to divide. |
| cytokinesis | is when the cytoplasm is completed divided. forming tow daughter cells. in animal cells, the cytoplasm is pinched in half by the cell membrane. In plant cells,the cell walls begins growing from the center of the cell. |
| what is actually dividing in cytokinesis | cytoplasm |
| in an Animal cell what forms down the middle of the cell as the cytoplam pinches inward? | A cleavage furrow |
| In an animal cell during cytokinesis what happens to the two daughter cells | they separate from each other. |
| in an Animal cell what forms down the middle of the cell as the cytoplam pinches inward? | A cleavage furrow |
| In an animal cell during cytokinesis what happens to the two daughter cells | they separate from each other. |
| In plant cells during cytokinesis what forms down the middle of the cells. | a cell plate |
| in plant cells what happens to the daughter cells during cytokinesis. | they do not separate from each other. |
| since the daughter cells do not separate during cytokiniesis in plant cells what cements adjacent cells together | a sticky middle lamella. |
| In Animals and plant Mitosis: what is the function of Centrioles. | In animals they are involeved in Spindle Fiber Attachments Plants dont have Centrioles |
| What happens to Cytoplasm Division in Animal Mitosis and Plant Mitosis | In Animals mitosis the Cytoplasm Division pinches in In plant Mitosis the Cytoplasm Division forms a Cell plate |
| In Mitosis of animal and plant cells how are new cells Formed | In the animal cells during mitosis new cells are separated from "parent Cells" In plant cells new cells are connected to "parent cells middle Lamella. |
| Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm True or False | True |
| Cell division is basically the same in prokarotic and eukaryotic cells True or false | ? |
| Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus of the cell divides True or false | |
| In Asexual Reproduction it produces offspring that are -------- to the parent | Gentically identical to the parent. |
| what are the advantages of Asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction name them | 1. It enables animals lining in isolation to reproduce with out a mate. 2.creates numerous offspring quickly 3. there is no expenditure of energy maintaining elaborate reproductive systems or hormonal cycles since offspring are clones of the parent ase |
| Since offspring are clones of the parent asexual reproduction is advatageous when the envirnment is stable and favorable. | |
| Types of Asexual Reproduction in animals what is the simplest form of asexual reproduction | Binary fission. |
| In animals, Parent organism divides into how many and what type of parts | they divide into 2 equal parts. |
| In Asexaul Reproduction the parent organism divides into 2 approximately equal parts after this happens is there any parent left yes or no | no parent left after this process. Examples of this are Amoeba, Bacteria, Paramecium. |
| What is budding and what does it involve | It involves the splitting off of new individuals from existing ones. |
| Can buds break off and live independently | yes they can break off and live independantly. |
| when buds break off the offspring are they always the same size | no they can break off into 2 unequal parts |
| Buds breal off and live independantly what is an example of this a ........... | a Hydra |
| when does Fragmentation (and regeneration)occur? | It occurs when a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals |
| what is an example of Fragmentation or (regeneration)when a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals | Starfish (Sea Star), Sponges, Planaria, |
| Parthengensis what does it involve | It involves the development of an egg without fertilization. |
| what results from Parthengensis | The resulting adult is haploid which means it contains N chromosomes examples Honey bees and some lizards |
| Define the cell cycle | It is a repeating series of events, including growth DNA Sysnthesis and cell division. |
| describe the cell cycle in Prokaryotes. | the cell cycle is simple In Prokaryotes the cell grows, its DNA replicates and the cell divides. |
| the cell cycle in Eukaryotic Cell Cycle is more complex that a Prokaryotes cell cycle describe it. | Several phases M or Mitosis phase ( actually includes both Mitosis and Cytokinisis. Interphase (G1,S,G2) |
| Mitosis phase in Eukarotic Cell Cycle describe it | This is when the nucleus and then the cytoplasm divide.( The other 3 phases G1,S,G2) are generally grouped together in Interphae |
| Decribe Interphase of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle | During Interphase, the cell grows perfomrs routine life processes and prepares to divide. |
| Describe G1 phase of Interphase | the cell grows rapidly while performing routine metabolic processes. It also makes proteins needed for DNA replication and copies some of its organells in preparation for cell division.(A TYPICAL CELL SPENDS MOST OF ITS LIFE IN THIS PHASE) |
| WHAT PHASE AM I A TYPICAL CELL SPENDS MOST OF ITS LIFE IN THIS PHASE | G1 PHASE |
| DEFINE THE S PHASE OR SYNTHESIS PHASE | DURING THIS PHASE THE CELLS DNA IS COPIED IN THE PROCESS OF DNA REPLICATION |
| WHAT PHASE IS THE CELLS DNA COPIED | S PHASE OR SYNTHESIS PHASE |
| DEFINE GROWTH PHASE 2 OR G2 | DURING THIS PHASE THE CELL MAKES THE FINAL PREPARATION TO DIVIDE FOR EXAMPLE IT MAKES ADDITIONAL PROTEINS AND ORGANELLES. |
| WHAT PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE ARE ADDITONAL PROTEINS AND ORGANELLES MADE | THE G2 PHASE IN PREPARATION OF CELL DIVISION. |
| WHAT IS CANCER | CANCER IS A DISEASE THAT OCCURS WHEN THE CELL CYCLE IS NO LONGER REGULATED. THIS MAY HAPPEN BECAUSE A CELLS DNA BECOMES DAMAGED IT CAN HAPPEN BECAUSE OF EXPOSURE TO TOXIC CHEMICAL. |
| WHAT ARE SOME POTENTIAL CAUSES OF CANCER | TOXIC CHEMICALS, RADIATION |
| CANCER CELLS DIVIDE MUCH FASTER THAN THAN NORMAL CELLS TRUE OR FALSE | TRUE. |
| WHAT DO YOU CALL A MASS OF ABNORMAL CELLS | A TUMOR. |
| RAPIDLY DIVIDING CELLS TAKE UP NUTRIENTS AND SPACE THAT NORMAL CELLS NEED. THIS CAN DAMAGE TISSUES AND ORGANS AND EVENTUALLY LEAD TO DEATH. | |
| A Sexual Reproduction of plants Natural methods are called | Vegetative Propagation |
| what are the advantages of Vegetative Propagation? | Plants are reproduced more rapidly and in greater numbers. Seedless fruits may be produced. No Genetic variation each offspring is identical to the single parent plant. |
| Name the several types of Vegetative propagation | Runners Tubers Bulbs Corms Rhizomes |
| Define a Runner | Runners = a horizontal stem develops from the vertical stem of a grown plant and extends above and along the ground. |
| Tubers define them | Tubers are underground stems The stems have buds which develop in to new plants. |
| what is an example of a tuber | Potatoes |
| define a bulb | a bulb is part of the root split and each part develops into a new bulb. |
| what is an example of a bulb | Tulip |
| Define a Rhizomes | Rhizomes is a thick underground stem.At intervals it produces upright stems with leaves each of which becomes an independent plant. |
| what is an example of a Rhizome | Irises. |
| Corms define it | Corms are vertical fleshy underground stem underneath the ground sometimes called - solid bulb or bulbo-tubers |
| what is an example of a Corm | Gladiolus. |
| Artifical Methods of asexual plant reproduction | |
| Cutting | a piece of the stem is cut from a plant and can develop new roots in water or moist soil. |
| what role does plant hormones (auxins) have in the formation of roots | they accelerate the formation of roots. |
| Define Grafting | Grafting is when a desired type of plant(scion) is selected and a piece of the stem or bud is cut. This cutting is securely attached to a closely relatatede plant(stock) The stock is also cut so that the Camblum or (growing layer) is in contact with the |
| what is the cambium | the cambium is the growing layer |
| The cambium growing layer is in contact with the cambium of the scion. | this allows the undifferentiated cells to grow together to make one the graft takes and the scion produces the desired fruit/ flower. Example : apple tree that grows several different types of apples. |
| Meiosis | enables the formation of specialized reproductive cells |
| what is another names for sex cells | Gametes |
| Human gametes are the _____ for Males and the ____ for females | Sperm for males Egg/OVA for females |
| Chromosome number Each of the gametes (sperm and Egg) have ? number of chromosomes | 23 chromosomes |
| One set of Chromosomes is referred to as | haploid (monoplid) |
| the haploid number is represented by ? | N |
| define Meiosis | Meiosis is Cell Division where diploid cells(2n) produce haploid cells(n) |
| Homologous Chromosomes define it | they are similiar in size,shape and genetic content. |
| the 46 chromosomes are made up of how many pairs of homologous chromosomes | 23 pairs |
| One set of chromosomes are donated by the mother and one set is donated by the father | |
| of the 23 pairs of homologous chromosome how many pairs are are autosomal chromosomes | 22 pairs are autosomal chromosomes they do not determine gender but do determine body characteristics. |
| 1 pair of the 23 pairs of the chromosomes equals the _____ chromosomes | 1 pair of sex chromosomes xx = female xy = male |
| somatic cells is what | body cells = diploid (2n) (2 sets of chromosomes) |
| gametes cells equals what | (sex cell)= haploid (n) 1 set of chromosomoes |
| the process define gametogenisis | another name for sexual reproduction (or Meiosis) |
| spermatogenesis define it | The process of turning primary sex cells into sperm cells. this only occurs in Males |
| Meiosis1. | reduction division of the chromosomes |
| how many divisons will the nucleus undergo in Meiosis | 2 they are Meiosis I and Meiosis II |
| why does the nucleus undergo two divisions | the nucleus undergoes two divisions to reduce the number of chromosomes. |
| by the nuclues undergoing two division to reduce the number of chromosomes enables the cell to do what? | This enables the cell to go from diploid(2n) to Haploid(N) |
| What is Synapsis: | the pairing of Homologuous chromosomes |
| Synapsis and Crossing over occur | |
| Homologous chromosomes pair up and form a what | Tetrad |
| what is a Tetrad | there are 4 chromatids in a tetrad |
| Define what Crossing over is | Crossing over is the process where homologous Chromatids exchange Genetic Material. |
| what does Crossing over ensure in gametest st | Crossing over ensures greater variety in the gametes. |
| Prophase 1 in Meiosis 1 what happens in to the chromosomes? | they Condense |
| In the Prophase 1 in Meiosis 1 what happens to the nucleur envelop and what starts to form during this phase? | The Nucleur envelope dissolves and Spindle apparatus forms. |
| What phase of MeoisisI does synapsis and crossing over occur | Prophase1 of Meiosis 1 |
| What happens during Metaphase 1 | Tetrads line up at the equator chromosomes line up double file Spindles attach to one side of the Centromere of each homologous Chromosome. |
| during what phase do Tetrads line up at the equator? | Metaphase 1 |
| during what phase of meoisis do chromosomes line up in doulbe file? | Metaphase1 q |
| When to spindles attach to one side of the Centromeres of each homologous Chromosome during what phase of Meiosis1 | Metaphase 1 |
| During what phase of Meiosis does Homologous Chromosomes separate from each other and move to opposite poles. | Anaphase 1 |
| What is it called when Homologous Chromosomes separate from each other and move to opposoite poles? | Disjunction |
| Define discjunction. | This is when Chromosomes separate from each other and move to opposite poles. |
| What phase in Meiosis I does the cytoplasm divide to form two unique daughter cells. | Telophase1 |
| New cells are haploid with double stranded Chromosome in what phase of Meiosis1 | Telephase 1 |
| During Meiosis II During the Prophase II phase what happens to the Chromosomes and what forms______ and what happens to the Nuclear Envelope | Chromosomes condense New spindles form Nuclear Envelope Dissolves |
| In Meoisis II what happens to the chromosomes in Prophase II | they condense |
| what forms during Prophase II of Meiosis II | New spindles form |
| what dissolves in Prophase II of Meoisis II | Nuclear Envelope dissolves |
| How does Prophase differ in Meiosis1 and Meiosis 2 | |
| During metaphase II what happens (Similar to Mitosis( | double stranded Chromosomes line up at the equater (Single file) |
| What happens during Anaphase II | Centromeres divide Chromatids separate forming single stranded Chromosomes Each Chromosome moves to an opposite pole. |
| what happens to the chromatids during Anaphase II | they separate forming single stranded chromosomes |
| what does the chromosomes do during AnaphaseII | the move to the opposite pole |
| what happens during Telophase II | Both the daughter cells divide forming 4 different haploid cells. Nuclear envelope reforms Spindle breaks down. Cytogenkinesis happens in this phase. |
| during what phase of Meiosis II does the Nuclear Envelope reform | Telophase II |
| when do both daughter cells divide forming 4 different haploid cells | Telephase ii |
| when does spindle breakdown occur | TelophaseII |
| In Meiosis 1 what separates | Homologous Pairs separate |
| In Meoisis II what separates | sister Chromatids Separate |
| What is the purpose of Mitosis | Growth and Repair |
| what is the purpose of Meiosis | Produce Sex Cells |
| Number of Daughter Cells in Mitosis | 2 |
| Number of Daughter Cells in Meiosis | 4 |
| Number of Divisions in Mitosis | 1 |
| Number of Divisions in Meiosis | 2 |
| chromosomes number of daughter cells (ploidy) in Mitosis | same as parent 2N diploid |
| chromosome number in daughter cells (ploidy) in Meiosis | half of parent Haphloid |
| Comparison of parent and daughter cells in Mitosis | identical |
| comparision of parent and daughter cells in Meiosis | different |
| Types of reproduction in Mitosis | asexual |
| types of reproduction in Meiosis | sexual |
| where does Mitosis takes places in | all cells exempt for gametes |
| Where does Meiosis takes place | In reproductive organs (ovaries and Testes) |
| What is spermatogenesis | the process of sperm production |
| where does spermatogenesis occur and when does it start and how long does it last | Occurs in the Testes starts in Puberty and last till old age |
| what hormone induces the testes to produce testosterone | the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) induces the testes to produce testosterone |
| The FSH (follicle Stimulating Hormone ) and testosterone serve as what function | they stimulate sperm production in the testes |
| In the process of Spermatogenesis each spermatogonium cell (2N) divides by what | Mitosis |
| the process of spermatogenesis divides by mitosis and produces what | two primary spermatocytes (2N) |
| what does spermatocyes undergo | Meiosis 1 |
| spermatocytes undergo Meiosis 1 and produce | this produces two secondary spermatocytes |
| Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes what | Meiosis II |
| the secondary spermatocyte undergoes Meoisis II and produces | this produces 4 mature sperm cells of each size |
| spermatids differentiate and become | sperm cells |
| after the spermatids differentiate and become sperm cells where do they move to | they move to the epididymis where they become motile |
| the head of the sperm contain what to help it penetrate the egg | enzymes |
| The Middle piece of the sperm contains | mitochondria |
| what aids in the movement of the sperm | the flagellum |
| what is OOgenesis | the process of egg(ova) formation in females |
| Oogenesis occurs when | prior to birth |
| True or False:a female is born with all of the primary oocytes that she will ever have? | True |
| Where does Oogenesis occur | it occurs with in the embryo in female gonads OVARIES |
| Oogonium cell (2N)undergoes what ? | Mitosis |
| when the Oogonium undergoes Mitosis what does this produce? | two primary oocytes(2N) |
| the two primary oocytes remain inactive in the follicle in the ovaries until puberty. | |
| how does the two primary oocytes become active | through hormones |
| when the Oocytes are active from hormones why occurs | Meiosis I occurs |
| when Meiosis 1 occurs from the Oocytes becoming active by hormones what is produces on a monthly basis and during what phase of a womens cycle | oocytes are released monthly during ovulation. |
| when a sperm cell penetrates the secondary oocyte what occurs | Meiosis II occurs |
| when Meiosis II occurs during the sperm cell penetrating the secondary oocyte what is this called | this step is called fertilization |
| During Meiosis 1 and Meoisis II what happens to the cytoplasm | The cytoplasm divides Unequally |
| In the egg almost all of the cytoplasm remains | |
| In the Polar bodies their is very little cytoplasm | |
| During Meiosis 1 and Meiosis II the what happens to the Polar bodies | they will disintergrate |
| Only the primary Oogonium cell produces only one _________ | Active egg cell. |
| Early development During fertilization the sperm and the egg do what | they fuse together |
| sperm (n) + Egg(n) = | fertilized Egg (2 N) |
| what forms around the egg so that only one sperm can penetrate the egg? | Fertilization Membrane |
| Name the two types of Fertilization | External and Internal |
| External Fertilization what happens | Gametes fuse outside the body of the female |
| what is the disadvantages of external Fertilization | Sperm and Egg may never meet Eggs or offspring man be eaten by other animals Eggs or offspring may die due to changes in the temperature and Oxygen. |
| Internal Fertilization define it | Fertilized with in the body of the female |
| internal fertilization happens how | sex organs carry sperm from male to female |
| Advantages of Internal Fertilization | No Scattering of gametes no dangers from outside envirnment Fertilization is higher because fewer eggs are needed Examples Mammels Birds Flowers |
| what is the definition of Zygote | The name of the developing organism right after the sperm and egg fuse together |
| the haploid sperm (N) fuses with the haploid egg(n) to form a | diploid (2n) zygote |
| True or False the Zygote is still a single cell. | True |
| How many stages are there in embryonic development | 3 stages |
| Name the 3 stages of embryonic development | cleavage Gastrulation Organogenesis |
| define what Cleavage is : | Rapid Mitotic Divisions of the Zygote |
| when does Cleavage occur | immediately after fertilization |
| during Clevage the cells divide so rapidly they dont have time to do what | Grow in size |
| what is a Morula | a solid ball of cells |
| what is a Blastula | a fluid filled ball of cells |
| what is a blastomere | A blastomere is individual cells of the blastula |
| what is a Blastocoel | a fluid -filled Center. |
| What is the definition of Cleavage | Repeated mitotic cell division |
| Cleavage results in a structure called a | Embryo |
| what are the 3 embryonic germ layers and the structures produced by each layer | Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm |
| what does the ectoderm form | the Nervous system skin hair nails |
| what does the Mesoderm form | Muscles Circulatory System Skeleton Excretory system Testes or Ovaries |
| What does the Endoderm develop | Lining of Digestive and respiratory tracts parts of the liver and the pancreas. |
| Sexual reproduction is the type of reproduction that involves | two parents |
| In sexual reproduction are the offspring different from the parent | Yes |
| Sexual reproduction involves the _______ of two sex cells | fusion |
| what is a zygote | a fertilized egg |
| sexual reproduction involves a type of cell division called? | Meiosis |
| what kind of reproduction causes variations in organisms | sexual reproduction causes variations in organisms. |
| what is Gametogenesis | is the development of mature sex cells called gametes. the formation of gametes involves meiosis in immature sex cells. Gametogenesis includes the process of Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis. |
| The Gastrula consists of 3 embyronic germ layers(differentiated germ layersz) | Ectoderm Outer tissue layer Endoderm Inner tissue layer Mesoderm Middle tissue layer |
| what will the ectoderm layer become | the skin and the nervous system |
| what will the endoderm layer form | It will form the viscera, including the lungs, liver and digestive organs. |
| the mesoderm will give rise to | muscle blood and bones of the organsim. |
| describe embroyo development | zygote to cleavage to blastula to gastrulation to gastrula to organogenesis to fetus. |
| what is Organogenesis | the process by which cells continue to differeniate producing organs from the 3 different germ layers. |
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