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Research Methods II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mode( Mo) | measure for NOMINAL values: most frequent |
| Unimodal Distribution | one hump or point of frequency |
| Bimodal Distribution | Two humps of frequency |
| Median (Mdn) | Middle pt of a distribution / cuts the distribution in half |
| Deviation | distance and direction of any raw score from the mean |
| Weighted Mean | most common avg. "the mean of the mean" weighing one group agains another group |
| Simple Frequency | a list of the values that variable takes in a sample |
| Hypothesis | |
| a statement derived from theory about rariable relationships | hypothesis |
| Wallaces wheel | theory hypothesis observables empirical guidelines acceptance or rejection |
| clarify rank score data | level of measurement |
| rank or order data ( levels) freshman socioeconomic | ordinal |
| classify data ( exclusive) either or , ie gender | nominal |
| used to assign a score | interval |
| used only if there is a true zero | ratio |
| scientific model | used by sociologist to study social phenomenon test a statement& makes the rules |
| designs of quantitative research | survey, observation, content analysis , experiment , secondary |
| frequency distribution | table transforming data to set measures to test hypothesis |
| percentage distribution | tranfroming data to percentages used to standardize groups of different sizes |
| proportion | caparison of cases w/ total size of distribution done in order to standardize for size used with percentages |
| weighted mean | "the mean of the mean" weighing group against group |
| simple frequency | list of values a variable takes in a sample |
| standard deviation | the square foot of the squared distances of the scores from the mean |
| percentile | a statistic that summarizes the amount of variability in a frequency distribution |
| measure of dispersion | the way scores are expressed after they have been standardized to a normal curve |
| negative skew | the extent to which a distrigution has a few scores that are extremely low |
| measure of central tendency | a statistic summarizes the typical, central or avg. score in a frequency distribution |
| positive skew | the extent to which a distribution has a few scores tht are extremely high |
| independent variable | the variable that is assumed to cause or leat to variation in another variable |
| hypothesis | a testable statement about the relationship between variables |
| objectivity | the idea that conclusions of research should be based on systematically collected facts rather than personal values and opinions |
| statistical literacy | the ability to appreciated statistical analysis to include knowing what stats to use how to calculate them and how to interpret them |
| verification | a process based on the idea that theretical speulaton should be tested against empircal data |
| empericism | an approch that assumes scientests should learn about the world by using their senses |
| deviation | the distance between a score and the mean |
| most frequent typical or common value in a distribution | mode |
| quantitative research | information in numerical form |
| the great wheel of science | statistics come after ovservation but before empirical generalizations |
| frequency deviation | |
| Someone who ranks a list of cities from slowest to fastest pace of life is operating at the ..level of measuremet | ordinal |
| a researcher who scores a set of respondents fro 1-10 in terms of ther degree of empathy for accident victims is working at .. level of measurement | interval |
| a researcher who ranks countries according to how much they have depleted their natural resourses is working at the ... level | ordinal |
| for a small group of clients a psychologist conducts a survey and determines acrophobia to me the most common.. What function is stats being used | description |
| A cross tabulation of serious ilnesses is a table in which the distrbution of illnesses s | presented separately for the categories of a second variable such as gender age or race |
| By definition, class intervals contain more than one | score value |
| The direction of skewness is determined by the relative position of the | tail of the distrubuion. |
| The measure of central tendency representing the point of max frequenc in a distribution | mode |
| the measure of central tendency considered the point of balance of a distribution | Mean |
| the measure of central tendency that cuts a distribution in half when the scores are arranged from high to low | Median |
| deviation indicates the .... of any raw core from the mean | distance and direction |
| a distribuion of income is highly skewed . Which measure are you likely to employ | Median |
| With 2 points of maximum frequency where people strongly favor or strongly oppose what measure of central tendency are you likely to employ | Mode |
| If distribution scores approximate a normal curve what measure of central tendency are you likely to employ | Mean |
| The measures of how scores scatter around the center of a distribution | variance, standard deviation, range |
| The variance is ussually ... than the standard deviation | larger |
| How many standard deviations tend to cover the entire range of scores in a distribution | six |
| The so called normal range witing which approximately 2/3 of all scores fall is located | within one standard deviation above and below the mean |
| The standard deviation and variance both assume | interval data |
| The relative liklihood of occurrence of any given event is knows as that event's | probability |
| Probability varies from | zero to 1.0 |
| a normal curve is | a probability distribution its total area contains 100% of the cases the mode median and mean are identical ** NOT skewed |
| a z score | indicates how far an individual raw score falls from the mean of a distribution. |
| The standard deviation | indicates how the scores in general scatter around the mean |
| The equation P = .33 for obtaining and income between $40,000 and $50,000 represents | a probabability expressed a a proportion. |
| Scientists use these two things to transform raw data into an organized set of measures to test hypothesis | formulas and statistical techniques |
| frequency data table contain 2 columns | left column = characteristic right column= frequency or ( f) as well as "N" = total |
| Comparison between frequency distributions is done to | clarify results and add information |
| Ordinal and interval frequency distributions must | represent the degree to which a paticualr chacteristic is present |
| cross tabulation | a table that prsents the distribution -frequencies and percents- of one variable ( ussually the dependent variable across the categoeies of one or more additional variables ( ussually the independent variable or variables) |
| central tendency | a number value that represents wohat is avg. or typical of that set of data : toward the middle |
| Mean (X) | most common sum of a set of scores divided by the total number in the set |
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1826698956