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Bio Ch5 and 6.1-2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell divisions that occur in eukaryotic cells? | cell cycle |
| Part of cell cycle in which cell carries out normal functions, cell increases size and organelle numbers, cell passes a vital check point? | Gap 1 |
| What happens during Synthesis? | DNA is copied and end result is two complete sets of DNA |
| What does Synthesis mean? | parts of a whole |
| What happens to nucleus during interphase? | It is loosely organized |
| What happens during Gap 2? | cells carry out normal functions, additional growth, passes a critical checkpoint to ensuree cell is adequate in size and DNA |
| What is mitosis? | division of cell nucleus and contents, nuclear membrane dissolves, duplicated DNA condenses around proteins and seperates. two new nuclei form. |
| What is cytokinesis? | cell cytoplasm division; reuslts in two daughter cells |
| What do chromosomes do at the start of mitosis? | condense |
| What is a chromosome? | one long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes along with regulatory info |
| What is DNA? | double-stranded molecule made up of four different subunits called nucleotides |
| How many chromosomes do body cells have? | 46 |
| What are histones? | protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps |
| What is chromatin? | loose combo of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase |
| What is chromatid? | one half of a duplicated chromosome |
| What is a centromere? | region of condensed chromosome that looks pinched; where spindle fibers attach during meiosis and mitosis |
| What are telomeres? | repeating nucleotide at ends of DNA |
| What do mitosis and cytokinesis make? | two identical daughter cells |
| What happens during interphase? | the cell is prepared for mitosis; organelles and DNA are duplicated |
| What happens during Prophase? | chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, nucleolus disappears, and centromeres and centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell |
| What happens during Metaphase? | spindle fibers alin chromosomes along central equator |
| What happens during Anaphase? | chromatids seperate and are pulled to opposite ends of cell |
| What happens during Telophase? | complete set of identical chromosomes are positioned at each pole of cell, the nuclear membrane starts to form, chromosomes uncoil, and spindle fibers disassemble |
| What are external factors? | from outside cell that regulates cell division(include physical and chemical factors |
| What is a growth factor? | broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division and bind to receptors that activate specific genes to trigger cell growth |
| What is erythropoietin? | a growth factor that stimulates red blood cells |
| What is kinase? | an enzyme, when activated that transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to a specific target molecule, typically increasing the target molecule's energy or shape |
| What are cyclins? | activate kinase; group of proteins that are rapidly made and destroyed at certain points in cell cycle |
| What is apoptosis? | programmed cell death |
| What is cancer? | common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division |
| What are tumors? | disorganized clumps made by cancer cells |
| What does it mean to be benign? | harmless tumor cured by removal |
| What does it mean to be malignant? | cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of body causing harm to organism; treated with radiation or chemotherapy |
| What does metastasize mean? | to spread by transferring a disease -causing agent from site of cause to other parts of body. can be carried by bloodstream or lymph system |
| What is a carcinogen? | substance that produces or promotes development of cancer |
| What does an oncogene do? | accelerate the cell cycle |
| What is the creation of offspring from a single parent and doesnt involve joining of gametes? | asexual reproduction |
| What is binary fission? | asexual reproduction of a single celled organism by division into two roughly equal parts |
| What is conjugation? | sexual reproduction of bacteria; male's pilus transfers DNA to female |
| What is transduction? | process that transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another |
| What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? | if some organism members die, whole population could be wiped out |
| What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? | produces more off-spring; no mate needed |
| What are some types of asexual reproduction? | budding, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction |
| What is a tissue? | group of cells that work together to perform a special function |
| What is an organ? | groups of tissues that work together to perform special or related functions |
| What is an organ system? | groups of organs that carry out similar functions |
| What do organ systems achieve? | homeostasis |
| What is cell differentiation? | unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions |
| What are stem cells? | unique type of body cell that has ability to divide and renew for long time, remain undifferentiated in form, and develop into variety of specialized cell types |
| What determines how a cell in its embryo will differentiate? | cells location |
| What can affect embryonic development? | cell division, cell differentiation,morphogenesis |
| What is morphogenesis? | when cells are organized into tissues and organs, gives organism its shape, determines which end of plant turns into shoot system and which end of turns into the end |
| What is a totipotent stem cell? | can grow into any other type of stem cell |
| What is a multipotent stem cell? | differentiate into special cells |
| What is a pluripotent stem cell? | |
| Where do stem cells come from? | adults and embryos |
| What does it meant to be somatic? | body cells, make up most of bodys tissues and organs |
| What are gametes? | sex cells |
| What is a homologous chromosomes? | pair of almost identical chromosomes |
| What are autosomes? | chromosomes that contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism |
| What are sex chromosomes? | directly control development of sexual characteristics |
| What is the x chromosome? | larger sex chromosome and contains numerous genes, many unrelated sex characteristics |
| What is a polyploidy? | multiple sets of chromosomes always in sets of nine |
| Tetraploid? | 36 chromosomes |
| Hexaploid? | 54 chromosomes |
| Octaploid? | 72 chromosomes |
| Decaploid? | 90 chromosomes |
| What is the y chromosome? | sex chromosome that contains genes that direct developement of testes and other male traits. smaller chromosome and carries fewest genes |
| Body cells: Diploid or Haploid? | diploid |
| Gametes: Diploid or Haploid? | haploid |
| What is sexual reproduction? | involves fusion of two gametes that results in off-spring that are genetic mix of both parents |
| What is fertilization? | fusion of sperm and egg that results in one nucleus |
| What is diploid? | two copies of each chromosome-one from father and one from mother; represented as 2n |
| What is haploid? | one copy of each chromosome; represented as n |
| How many autosomes do sex cells have? | 22; and one sex chromosome |
| What is meiosis? | form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells, essential for sexual reproduction |
| How many rounds of division does meiosis go through? | 2 |
| What is the result of meiosis? | creates 4 haploid cells from 1 diploid cell |
| What are homologous chromosomes? | two seperate chromosomes-one from mother and father that are very similar |
| What are sister chromatids? | duplicated chromosomes that remain attached by a centromere |
| When do sister chromatids divide? | meiosis 2 |
| What happens before meiosis begins? | DNA is copied |
| What occurs during Prophase 1? | nuclear membrane breaks down, centrosomes and centromeres move to opposite sides of cell, and spindle fibers assemble. duplicated chromosomes condense, and homologous chromosomes pair up |
| What occurs during Metaphase 1? | homologous chromosome pairs are randomly lined up along equator by spindle fibers |
| What occurs during Anaphase 1? | paired up homologous chromosomes seperate from each other and move towards opposite ends of cell |
| What occurs during Telophase 1? | nuclear membrane forms again in some species, spindle fibers disassemble, and cell undergoes cytokinesis. |
| What does meiosis 2 do? | divides sister chromosomes and results in undoubled chromosomes; no DNA replication |
| What happens during Prophase 2? | nuclear membrane breaks down, centrosome and centrioles move to opposite sides of cell, and spindle fibers disassemble |
| What happens during Metaphase 2? | spindle fibers align 23 chromosomes at equator |
| What happens during Anaphase 2? | sister chromatids are pulled apart from each other and move to opposite sides of cell |
| What happens during Telo[hase 2? | nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes at opposite ends of cell, spindle fibers break apart, and cell undergoes cytokinesis |
| How many cell divisions does mitosis have? | 1 |
| During mitosis, when do homologous chromosomes pair up? | never |
| What occurs during Anaphase 1 of meiosis that differs from mitosis? | sister chromatids remain together instead of seperate |
| What kind of cells does meiosis result in? | haploid |
| What kind of cells does mitosis result in? | diploid |
| What do haploid cells eventually develop into? | gametes |
| What is gametogenesis? | production of gametes |
| What limits the maximum size of a cell? | ratio of cell surface area to volume |
| The process of organizing and condensing DNA into its compact form takes place at the start of... | interphase |
| Why do the cells lining the stomach divide more quickly than those in the liver? | they undergo more wear and tear |
Created by:
kayla26tran