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Rad Fundamentals
Fundamentals of Radiologic Technology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who discovered x rays? | Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen -won first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 |
| When were x rays discovered? | November 8, 1895 |
| How were x rays discovered? | energy emitted from a Crooke's tube that was covered with a box made a piece of paper that was coated with a fluorescent chemical glow and expose the bones of his hand |
| How were x rays discovered? | energy emitted from a Crooke's tube that was covered with a box made a piece of paper that was coated with a fluorescent chemical glow and expose the bones of his hand |
| Crooke's Tube | -cold cathode tube -glass tube that produces electrons -electrons sent from cathode to anode, producing x-rays |
| Albert Einstein | -Nobel prize in physics in 1921 -discovered how xrays are absorbed by the body through different materials, called photoelectric absorption -photo absorp responsible for most absorption in a mammo that creates the contrast in the image |
| Arthur Holly Compton | -Nobel prize in physics in 1927 -discovered scattering -scatter could be produced by pt composition (fat or dense muscle) or pathology (edema, ascities, etc) -Compton effect considered responsible for bulk of scattering effects in radiology |
| Thomas Edison | -experimented with x rays to show inside of body -credited with fluoroscope -irradiated own hands |
| Clarence Dally | -assistant to Edison -irradiated own hands -1st recorded radiation death (burns, serial amputations, and extensive lymph node involvement) -died in 1904 |
| Henri Becquerel | -Discovered uranium in 1986 -SI unit for radioactivity Bq -Bq used internationally in Nuc Med |
| Marie Curie | -discovered radium & polonium (breakdown biproducts of uranium) in 1898 -conventional unit of radioactive decal Ci (used in the U.S. in Nuc Med) -Nobel prize in chemistry in 1911 |
| JRCERT | -Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology -accredits programs in radiography, radiation therapy, medical dosimetry, and MRI -only one nationally recognized |
| JRCNMT | Joint Review Committee on Nuclear Medicine Technology |
| JRCDMS | Joint Review Committee on Education in Diagnostic Medical Sonography |
| JCAHO | Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations |
| ARRT | -American Registry of Radiologic Technologists -national certification & registration agency for registered technologists (RT) |
| RT(R) | Registered Technologist Radiography |
| RT(N) | Registered Technologist Nuclear Medicine |
| RT(T) | Registered Technologist Therapy |
| RT(MR) | Registered Technologist Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| RT(S) | Registered Technologist Sonography |
| RT(CT) | Registered Technologist Computed Tomography |
| RT(M) | Registered Technologist Mammography |
| RT(QM) | Registered Technologist Quality Management |
| RT(BS) | Registered Technologist Bachelor's |
| RT(CI) | Registered Technologist Cardiac Interventional |
| RT(VI) | Registered Technologist Vascular Interventional |
| RT(BD) | Registered Technologist Bone Densitometry |
| RRA | Registered Radiologists Assistant -Masters degree |
| ARDMS | American Registry of Diagnositc Medical Sonography |
| RDMS | Registered Diagnostic Medical Sonographer |
| RVT | Registered Vascular Technologist |
| RDCS | Registered Diagnostic Cardiac Sonographer |
| NMTCB | Nuclear Medicine Technologist Certification Board |
| CNMT | Certified Nuclear Medicine Technologist |
| NCT | Nuclear Cardiology Technology |
| PET | Positron Emission Technology -PET CT |
| MDCB | Medical Dosimetry Certification Board |
| Department of Health Medical Quality Assurance | -Dependent upon state (36 currently have licensure laws) -Florida State Licensure Bill signed in 1979 -General Radiographer CRT (Certified Radiologic Technologist -BMO (Basic Machine Operator) -LXMO (licensed X-ray Machine Operator) |
| CARE Bill | -Consistency, Accuracy, Responsibility and Excellence in Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy -reduce health care costs, maximize patient safety, increase quality |
| CMS | Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services' |
| FDA CFR | Food & Drug Administration Code of Federal Regulations -Section 21 for radiology safety |
| NRC | Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
| MIPPA | Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act |
| AHCA | Agency for Health Care Administration -does state inspections |
| ASRT | American Society of Radiologic Technologists -national professional association for radiologic sciences -develop professional curriculum, practice standards(scope of practice), position statements, and professional development and advancement |
| ACERT | Association of Collegiate Educators in Radiologic Technology |
| AEIRS | Association of Educators in Radiologic Sciences |
| FSRT | Florida Society of Radiologic Technologists |
| ISRRT | International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists |
| ABR | American Board of Radiology |
| ACR | American College of Radiology -appoints members to ASRT & JRCERT board -develops protocols & standards for technologists |
| RSNA | Radiological Society of North America |
| AHRA | American Healthcare Radiology Administrators -the association for medical imaging managers |
| What is matter? | anything that occupies space and has shape or form -states are solid, liquid, and gas |
| What is mass? | quantity of matter -measured in kilograms (kg), more accurate scale of measurement for patients -1kg=2.2 pounds |
| What is energy? | ability to do work -measured in Joules |
| potential energy | at rest by virtue of position |
| kinetic energy | energy in motion |
| electrical energy | e-(electrons) in motion through a potential difference |
| chemical energy | involves release of energy from chemical reactions |
| thermal energy | heat energy -motion at the atomic or molecular level |
| electromagnetic energy | x rays(ionizing), radio frequency waves (non ionizing, used in MRI), microwaves, and visible light |
| Conservation of Energy and Matter | energy and matter can neither be created nor destroyed but changed from one form to another -Einstein Theory of Relativity (E=mc2) -E(energy) -m(mass) -c(constant(doesn't change) speed in a vacuum -direct relationship to energy and matter |
| Radiography(Roentgenography) | imaging modality that uses x-ray film or computer matrix and usually an x-ray tube mounted from the ceiling on a track that allows the tube to be moved in any direction and provides static(fixed) images(shadows of anatomy) |
| Fluoroscopy | an imaging modality that provides a dynamic(continuous) image of the motion of internal structures while the x-ray tube is energized. Real time imaging. |
| mobile/portable units | -radiographic -fluoroscopic(c-arm or o-arm) |
| R/F Room | -both fluoro and static images -may or may not have tomography |
| tomography | imaging modality used to blur out unwanted, superimposed anatomy by moving the x-ray tube and IR in opposite directions |
| Image Receptor(IR) | medium that transforms x-ray beam into a visible(manifest) image |
| Central Ray(CR) | center of the x-ray beam that interacts with the IR -imaginary photon(descreet bundle of energy) at the center of the x-ray beam -think about crosshairs |
| Computed Radiography(CR) | uses computer and IP(imaging plate) to capture image |
| Digital Radiography(DR) | uses computer to capture directly or indirectly on flat panel detector |
| Film/Screen Imaging | image captured by a film |
| Radiograph | image on a film |
| Image | on computer matrix(group of pixels) -not a picture |
| position | patient's physical position |
| positions lying down | -supine(laying flat on back) -prone(laying flat on stomach) -decubitus(laying down) -recumbent(laying down) -oblique(semi-prone or semi-supine) |
| anterior | ventral(front) |
| posterior | dorsal(back) |
| oblique | neither perpedicular nor parallel -LAO(left anterior oblique) -RAO(right anterior oblique) -LPO(left posterior oblique) -RPO(right posterior oblique) |
| projection | path of the central ray |
| view | what the IR(image receptor)sees |
| What is an X ray? | electromagnetic radiation -wavelength/unit -frequency/unit Acts as both a photon(discrete bundle of energy) and a wave(sine wave) |
| Types of electromagnetic(EM) radiation | -Cosmic*(NBR) -Gamma* -X ray* 0.1-0.5 angstroms -UV -visible light -infrared -microwaves -RF waves (EM labled high-low) *potentially ionizing(harmful) |
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