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APUSH Semester 1 IDs
First semester APUSH ID list
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Bartolome de las Casas | Spanish missionary who was appalled by the encomienda system in Hispaniola and called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan" |
Black Legend | Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good. |
Christopher Columbus | Spanish navigator, colonizer and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere |
Econmienda System | Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland. |
Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer and conquestador who led 2 expeditions to the west coast of South America (1524, 1526). He defeated the Inca of Peru and captured Atahualpa. Founded Lima in 1535 |
Francisco Coronado | 1540-1542 Spaniard who traveled from Arizona and New Mexico to Kansas; discovered the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of buffalo |
Hernan Cortes | • Hernando Cortes was a Spanish conquistador who went to the West Indies in 1504. In 1519, Cortes established Veracruz, the first Spanish colony in Mexico. By 1521, he had conquered the Aztec empire using horses, gunpowder, and steel weapons. |
Jean-Baptist Colbert | Governor of New France (Quebec) |
Montezuma | An Aztec chieftain who believed that the Europeans were Gods and after sending them gifts welcomed them into the Aztex capital Tenochititlan. Eventually Montezuma attacked the Spanish, and the Spanish in turn took over the city. |
Northwest Passage | believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth,required members of Puritan Church; took place of baptism required by church |
Prince Henry | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. |
Pueblo Revolt | Pueblo Indians rose up against Spanish missionaries and settlers; established a short-lived confederacy |
Act of Toleration | granted freedom of worship for all trinitarian Christians in Maryland, but also sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus. Also, the act provided less toleration than had previously existed; made way for future U.S. religious freedom |
Anne Hutchinson | Dissenter in the Mass. Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Expelled in 1673 and established Portsmouth, RI |
Anglican Church | the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs), created by Henry VIII after his falling out with the Pope over a divorce |
Bacon's Rebellion | In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planter, led a group of settlers against the local Native Americans.Bacon and his men looted and burned Jamestown.Manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and wealthy in the Chesapeake region. |
Congregationalists (Puritans) | Puritan communities where the local Church served as the center of the community. Contrasted England's system of a single state church. |
First Great Awakening | Religious revival in the 1730s and 40s caused by people upset about decline of religious piety; swept through the colonies, stressed emotion, & united the people |
Halfway Covenant | The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs. |
House of Burgesses | the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619. |
Indentured Servants | usually white adult males who bound themselves to labor in the colonies for a fixed number of years in order to secure their freedom. Others manipulated into servitude to remedy labor shortage |
Johnathan Edwards | He was an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon. |
John Smith | Role in establishing first permanent English colony at Jamestown, Virginia. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between 1607 and 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. |
John Winthrop | governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" |
Mayflower Compact | first example of self-government in the Americas. The Pilgrims, having arrived at a harbor far north of the land that was rightfully theirs, signed the Mayflower Compact to establish a "civil body politic" under the sovereignty of James I. |
Mercantilism | theory of trade stressing that a nation's economic strength depended on exporting more than it imported. British mercantilism manifested itself in triangular trade and in laws passed such as the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) |
Navigation Acts | regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing. |
Roger Williams | Roger Williams clashed with Mass. Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state. After being banished from Mass. in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants. |
Salem Witch-Hunt | In 1692, several girls in Salem, Massachusetts, accused their neighbors of witchcraft. More than 100 people were tried as witches, and 19 women and one man were executed. |
Salutary Neglect | English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. |
Society of Friends (Quakers) | believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. Were often persecuted. |
William Penn | Founder of Pennsylvania, wanted his colony to generate wealth, provide a safe place for Quakers, and enable him to try new, liberal ideas in government |
Battles of Saratoga | This battle was the turning point of the war and convinced France to aid the American cause. New England militia men defeated Burgoyne's men. |
Battle of Yorktown | • In 1781, French and American forces encircled and trapped British General Cornwallis's army, forcing surrender of 8,000 troops. |
Ben Franklin | connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan. Paradigm of enlightenment for work in science and philosophy |
Boston Massacre | In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared and five colonists were killed. |
Coercive Acts (1774) | (Intolerable) acts instituted by the British as punishment for the Boston Tea Party; closed Boston Harbor until debt could be repaid, dissolved all town meetings in MA, and appointed British as all government officials |
George Washington | 1st president, Farewell address, Revolutionary War General. |
John Jay | important role in the establishment of the new government under the Constitution. One of the authors of The Federalist Papers, he was involved in the drafting of the Constitution. He was also the first chief justice of the Supreme Court. |
John Locke | believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property; stated the government is "created by the people for the people" |
Loyalists (Tories) | Typically rich, opposed to Rebellion and refused to support Continental Congress unless threatened, didn't want independence or think it was necessary |
Patrick Henry | Made a dramatic speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses in May 1765. "Virginia Resolves" were his resolutions for the colonies on taxes. No taxing unless by the Virginia House. |
Samuel Adams | played a key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Spread principle of Colonial Rights and provoked BTP |
Seven Years War | English colonists and soldiers fought the French and their Native American allies for dominance in North America, along with fighting in Europe. |
Sons of Liberty | Radical political group for colonial independence. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. |
Stamp Act (1765) | A law passed by the British Parliament in 1765 requiring colonists to pay a tax on newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, and even playing cards. |
Stamp Act Congress (1765) | 1765- group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent |
Sugar Act (1764) | English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses to pay for war debts. Forbade importation of rum. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. |
Thomas Paine | Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man |
Townshend Acts (1767) | taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objected to the fact that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England |
Alexander Hamilton | Major figures in debate over Constitution, leader of Federalists, an author the Federalist Papers. Bank of U.S. as Sec. of Treasury |
Alien and Sedition Acts | A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies (1798). |
Anti-Federalists | opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. |
Democratic Republican Party | Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank |
Washington's Farewell Address | stressed maintaining commercial but not political ties to other nations; stressed not entering permanent alliances; America's uniqueness depended on being independent action on foreign affairs |
Federalist Papers | series of newspaper articles written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, the Federalist Papers enumerated the arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the Anti-Federalists. |
Federalist Party | Supporters of the Constitution that firmly believed the national government should be strong. Faded with election of Thomas Jefferson |
Federalists | believed in a strong central government. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. |
James Madison | The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Madison was also the father of the Federalist party and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. |
Jay's treaty (1794) | Treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier (1794) |
Loose Construction | the belief that what the Constitution did not forbid it permitted; proposed by Hamilton |
New Jersey Plan | alternative to the Virginia Plan. The New Jersey Plan favored small states in that it proposed a unicameral Congress with equal representation for each state. |
Northwest Ordinance (1787) | defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. Forbade slavery but allowed citizens to vote on it after statehood was established. |
Shay's Rebellion | Rebellion of Rev. War veterans who did not receive ample compensation after the war. Jefferson crushed the revolution showing the govt would take action against deconstruction. |
Strict Construction | The belief that the Constitution should be interpreted "literally" or "strictly". The idea that what the constitution did not permit it forbade. |
Thomas Jefferson | Drafter of the Dec. of Independence, Hamilton's rival, 3rd president, Louisiana Purchase. |
Three-Fifths Compromise | South wanted slaves to count as people which would have given them more representation, North disagreed. This compromise made each slave count as 3/5 of a person. |
Virginia Plan | proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. The Virginia Plan favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. |
Whiskey Rebellion | group of farmers refused to pay federal excise tax on whiskey, Washington responds decisively with troops (1794) |
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) | known as transcontinental treaty, purchased Florida from Spain. Established western boundary for US and prevented Seminoles from invading Georgia |
Andrew Jackson | Hero of the War of 1812, Battle of New Orleans, related to common people, Era of the Common Man, |
Battle of New Orleans | A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to a foolish frontal attack, Andrew Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost |
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair | The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships until Britain apologized. |
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) | 1819, New hamp. tried to take over a college by revising a charter)charters are protected under the contract clause of the U.S. constitution |
Embargo Act (1807) | Forbade all export of good from the united states, made to try and hurt Britain's economy, but ended up hurting the American economy |
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | 1824 (Marshall case) states can't regulate inter-sate commerce, only Federal gov. |
Henry Clay | senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." |
John Marshall | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. Presided over cases such as Marbury V. Madison |
Louisiana Purchase | The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans |
Marbury v. Madison (1803) | 1803, Judicial Review |
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | 1819, the elastic clause and federal state relations |
Missouri Compromise (1820) | Admitted Missouri as a slave state and at the same time admitted Maine as a free state. Declared that all territory north of the 36°30" latitude would become free states, and all territory south of that latitude would become slave states. |
Monroe Doctrine (1823) | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. |
Second Bank of the US | In 1816, during the administration of President James Madison, the Democratic-Republicans reversed course and supported its creation. It was patterned after the first and quickly established branches throughout the Union. |
Treaty of Ghent (1815) | Ended the War of 1812 |
War Hawks | People in government wanted to go to war. |
Corrupt Bargain | A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State. |
Daniel Webster | a senator from Massachusettes and the most powerful speaker of his time who was involved in the Webster-Hayne debate |
Democratic Party | Wanted slavery, less government in citizens lives. |
Exposition and Protest | VP Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition to encourage the Union to nullify the Tariff of Abominations |
"His Accidency" | Nickname for President Tyler; mocking his strong vetos against the Fiscal Bank/way he attained presidency, john tyler, president without a party |
Indian Removal Act (1830) | 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the emigration of Indians to the West |
John C. Calhoun | Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. |
John Quincy Adams | Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. |
Market Revolution | Connected farmers to manufacturers, made transportation easier |
Martin Van Buren | created the system of party government. claimed that political parties were necessary to "check" the government from abusing its power. created the first political machine. denounced the American System and opposed the Whigs. |
Nullification | states have the right to nullify a federal law they feel is unconstitutional (Kentucky and Virginia Resolves) |
Panic of 1837 | Caused by overspeculation of frontier lands, Jackson issued Specie Circular to force payment of loans and economy failed. |
Pet Banks | State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank in an effort to destroy the bank. |
Specie Circular (1836) | It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. |
Spoils System | Jackson's patronage system, which allowed men to buy their way into office. This resulted in a very corrupt governmental office. Be placed in office if you supported Jackson |
Tariff of Abominations | AKA Tariff of 1828; raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. The South claimed that it was discriminatory and unconstitutional |
Trail of Tears (1838) | the forced removal of the Cherokee to Oklahoma in the winter 1838-1839; many died along the way |
Whigs | Started from federalist party, members like calhoun, clay, webster, believed in banks and industrial development. |
American Anti-Slavery Society | abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was a key leader of the society and often spoke at its meetings |
American Colonization Society | reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement inteded as a haven for emancipated slaves |
American Society for Promotion of Temperance | largest reform organization of its time dedicated to ending the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages |
Brook Farm | A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley |
Charles Finney | "father of modern revivalism," he was a pioneer of cooperation among Protestant denominations. people's destinies were in their own hands. His "Social Gospel" offered salvation to all |
Cult of Domesticity | Men dominated American families and women were the keepers of the home. |
Declaration of Sentiments | petition for women's rights modeled on the declaration of independence, came out of Hartford Convention |
Dorothea Dix | Asylum reform; helped mentally ill. |
Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Declaration of Sentiments, female suffrage |
Frederick Douglass | born a slave but escaped to the North and became a prominent black abolitionist; gifted orator, writer, and editor; published "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass" |
James Birney | abolitionist, and candidate for presidential elections of 1840 and 1844, for the Liberty Party, he started his abolitionist weekly publication in Cincinnati, Ohio titled The Philanthropist. |
Lewis and Arthur Tappan | abolitionists who gained legal help and acquittal for the Africans and managed to increase public support and fund-raising for the organized return trip home to Africa for surviving members of the group. |
Liberty Party | Organized by Tappans when they broke with William Garrison. Nominated Birney |
Lucretia Mott | A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848 |
Sarah and Angelina Grimke | Female abolitionists and suffragists, angelina spoke out to Mass. governor |
Second Great Awakening | Charles Finney, Methodists, Baptists, Burned over District |
Susan B. Anthony | Fought for equality between the sexes, Quaker woman. |
William Lloyd Garrison | published "The Liberator" in Boston, helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society; favored Northern secession and renounced politics |
Antonia Lopes de Santa Anna | Mexican, lost to Houston |
Compromise of 1850 | Drafted by Clay, diffused slavery conflict; temporarily postponed Civil War. California was free state, Strict Fugitive Slave Laws. |
Franklin Pierce | Democratic candidate for President in 1852 and the fourteenth president of the US. He made the Gadsden Purchase, which opened the Northwest for settlement, and passed the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act. |
Free Soil Party | organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs.The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. Advocated federal aid for internal improvements and free homesteads. |
Gadsden Purchase (1853) | United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad, it also showed the American belief in Manifest Destiny. |
James K. Polk | 11th president, very pro expansion. Poke. |
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) | This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were pro-slavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. |
Know-Nothing Party | the American Party; major political force from 1854-1855; objective: to extend period of naturalization, undercut immigrant voting strengths, and keep aliens in their place |
Manifest Destiny | This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. |
Mexican Cession | as part of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico ceded CA, AZ, CO, NM, UT, NV |
Popular Sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government |
Republican Party | Dedicated to keeping slavery out of territories, further development of internal improvements, Comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers |
Stephen Douglas | Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine |
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) | (1848) Ended Mexican-American War; Mexico gave up all claims to land from Texas to California for $15 million |
Wilmot Proviso | Proposed no slavery in area of mexican cession, not passed. |
Winfield Scott | "Old Fuss and Feathers" national hero after Mexican American war. Served as military governor of Mexico City. Lost to democrat Franklin Pierce. |
Zachary Taylor | 12th president of the US- American military leader. Ran as Whig in 1848 election and defeated Lewis Cass. Served in Mexican American War. |
Abraham Lincoln | Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Antislavery, Emancipation Proclamation, Assassinated. |
Andrew Johnson | he man from Tennessee who was added as Lincoln's running-mate in 1864 to sew up the election by attracting War Democrats and the Border States; replaced lincoln after his death |
Border States | Lincoln needed to keep them in the Union in order to have a chance in the war and be re-elected. |
Carpet Baggers | Northerners who went south to help reconstruct but many were accused of going to gain power. Black votes. |
Charles Sumner | Charles Sumner was a leading abolitionist who condemned proslavery men. Brooks beat Sumner. |
Compromise of 1877 | Ended reconstruction, pulled Federal troops out of South, southern democrats took over south. |
Dred Scott Decision (1857) | Slaves are property not citizens. |
Emancipation Proclamation | Stated that slaves in the seceded south were free, but didn't actually free any because the south wasn't under federal authority. MADE WAR A MORAL CONFLICT OVER SLAVERY. |
15th Amendment (1870) | Gave black males the right to vote. |
14th Amendment (1868) | Made black people citizens. |
Freedmen's Bureau | The first kind of primitive welfare agency used to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedman and to white refugees.First to establish school for blacks to learn to read. |
Harriet Beecher Stowe | Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin - revealed horrors of slavery to the world. |
Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederacy |
John Brown | An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory |
Ku Klux Klan | White supremacist group, used scare tactics to scare blacks and whites into voting how they wanted |
Radical Republicans | really wanted equality between blacks and whites, thought Lincoln wasn't doing enough for blacks. |
Robert E. Lee | Commander of Confederate Army; chose to fight for his state (the south) |
Scalawags | Southern born republicans, considered traitors by southern democrats |
Tenure of Office Act (1867) | Act put in place by republicans to try and get rid of Andrew Johnson |
Thaddeus Stevens | Really supported black people |
13th Amendment (1865) | freed blacks |
Ulysses S. Grant | Leader of Union Troops |
William Seward | Bought Alaska, Folly. |