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RTF 305 Final

review for srtaubheuer's RTF 305 final

Question	Answer
Digital Convergence	The intersection of different types of media into a digital format.
Technological convergence	The tendency for different types of technology to evolve into preforming similar tasks. Like smartphones having voice, data, and music all in one.
Economic convergence	The notion that globalization will result in the worlds poorer countries catching up
Conglomeration	Big businesses or corporations that own seemingly unrelated holdings.
Evolution to an information society	The evolution progression of communication formats through time. oral comm->written->electronic comm.
Written communication	Agricultural societies were mostly illeterate but the wealthy could read and the written word became a more transcendent way of communication, it has lasted through time. The bible and Koran are some of the first ever written books
Industrial Society and Communication	During the Industrial revolution, print became parts of things other than just newspapers, there was also a mass migration from the farms to the cities due to increase in manufacturing jobs. the urbanization created a higher literacy rate
The effects of digital media on society	Everything is becoming digital, even print. It is challenging conventional formats of television with DVR's and internet television. It has impacted strongly television and mass media as a whole.
First copy and Marginal cost	First copy costs a lot particularly with blockbuster films. Marginal cost for manufactured copies exhibit "no" cost when digital
Economies of scale	When A large firm can produce a unit at a lower price than smaller firms. Result when Unit costs go down as production quantaties increase.
Vertical Integration	When an owner handles multiple aspects of the same industry, like film production and distribution
Horizontal Integration	The concentration of ownership by acquiring companies that are all in the same business
cross ownership	When one firm owns multiple firms in the same business. it decreases competition
Monopoly	One firm dominates an industry (clear channel radio)
Oligopoly	few firms dominate an industry (network television ABC CBS NBC FOX)
Duopoly	Two competing firms dominate an industry (apple and microsoft)
Political Economy	inspired by Karl Marx, Says that society is based off of those who own the means of production and those who work for them. In this view, Media is usually owned by the big businesses, usually corporations, who want to continue their industry domination
Gate keeping	Deciding what will appear in media. Gate keepers, media managers/editors, can open or close the gate on what gets put in. They can shape the story and how it is presented
Killing us softly	Ads are processes subconsciously, they shape who we are and how we percieve each other. Violence begins by making the other person appear as an object as ads do to women. magazines (dove in particular) are starting to use real women instead of models
Tough Guise	Mask to hide a man's vulnerability. Media defines manhood, violence is linked to masculinity and is outrageous when preformed by women. Threatened by women's rights. Larger men, smaller women. respect linked to physical strength. way you scare people.
Medie Effect- Priming	Strong effect. Media Images stimulate related thoughts in audience's mind.
Media effect- Hypodermic needle	Strong effect- Media have direct and powerful effects, basis for censorship
media effect- social learning	strong effect-Audience imitates behavior seen on television, parallel to the gratification theory, explains media consumption in terms of expected outcomes
media effect-Cultivation	strong effect-Consistent images over time generate a sense of what reality is (old people feel worth less when in reality it is not true)
Media effect- Hegemony	strong effect- audience acceptance of ideology over time. uses commons sense. constantly ongoing. Ideas are made to seem natural through use in school media, etc.
Media effect- Multi step flow	weak effect- indirect effects of media via other people, filtered through opinion leaders such as boss, coworker or friend
Media effect- Selective processes	weak effect-Audience members avoid content that they disagree with
Media effect- agenda setting	Weak effects- the media sets what people will and wont be discussing that day by choosing what stories go into the media
Media effect- decoding (accept, reject, negotiate)	weak effect- How we absorb media information
Media effect- Active audience	weak effectAudience does not just receive the message but actively interprets it based off of their personal and social backgrounds
Media Effect- catharsis	weak effect- by watching something on TV, audience members can live out their antisocial desires without actually doing them
Media effect- propaganda	Strong effect- continuing power of ownership and political power by using hegemonic assumptions and media power
Genere	distinctive styles of creative works, also used to represent different types of media formats
Music Foundations	Gospel-african, english Appalachian Folk- scottish, Irish, English Blues, African->later turned to Rock and Roll Ragtime cajun Big band
Hybridity	Generes or music blends different from traditional creaking a new form ex blues+rockabilly=rock and roll movies romantic comedy
Copyright	The legal right to intellectual property, with it comes the power to use, sell, or license creative works.
Piracy	Major problem with internet/digital media because it is easy to steal
Impact of digital tech on music industry	Piracy becomes major problem. Home recording. equipment costs go down. selling merchandise over the internet. local music industries. music on the internet (pandora, iTunes, mp3s, lower CD sales) New digital formatting.
Titanic's role in Radio	use of wireless telegraph saved many lives, led to the Radio act of 1912
Radio act of 1912	Required all radio stations to be licensed by federal government and required all sea going vessels to have a radio. led to the Radio act of 1927 ( the first regulation of airwaves)
What was the role of the government in early radio?	The Government took control of all radio production and alloted all production to the US army. They wanted to set up a national system of radio similar to BBC.
RCA	formed when Government couldn't establish a monopoly on the radio industry. GE purchased Marconi Telegraph company in europe and became RCA
David Sarnoff	Initiall the manager of american Marconi but later worked for and ran RCA. proposed a plan of development that would eventually make the radio a household Utility but his plan was ignored.
reason for the rise of the big three networks ABC NBC CBS	They became affiliated with many radio stations over a very short period of time, covering almost all of the US by 1950.
Reasons for founding FCC (federal communication commission)	After a train accident in Minoit North dakota, residents tried to call the local radio station to tell residents to evacuate only to find that thee was no body there. Communications act of 1934 was formed, which established the FCC
Radio Networks	started By AT&T, networks were responsible for distributing programming, news, and advertising. Built around O&O radio stations
Rise of DJ's	As audiences began to turn their attention from radio to television, Stations began to rely on the talent of their own announcers. DJ's ruled from 1950's to 1980
Payola	The practice of bribing DJ's to get songs played over the radio.
Impact of FM Radio	Much better sound quality, artists could record much longer songs than the standard 2-3 min. and added formats to many different music Genres which added sub cultured like Punks, skaters, and hip hop
1996 telecommunications act	Deregulated media ownership rules and opened up US telecommunications industry to competition. Concentrated ownership of media outlets to only a few broadcasters, made smaller media outlets disappear.
Horizontal Integration of Radio	Clear Channel- ownership of many different radio stations by one company
TV networks relationship to Radio networks	Radio networks became TV networks
TV Generes from Radio	Sitcom, drama, action/adventure, Gameshows, news, Sci Fi, Sports
Genere Development	Cycles of Rise and Fall in genres, Tightly bound to social factors- the promise of something new branch out to social changes
Factors for success in Broadcast TV	Ease of access, 50% ratings and 50% production cost
Newton Minow	Described the TV of the 1960's as a vast wasteland, leading to the creation of a public television network
Prime time access rule PTAR	limits the amount of Network TV television stations can broadcast during primetime, created due to a fear that the Three networks dominated the TV program production market
Finance and syndication rules	Networks could not own any content that they aired on primetime, also could not air and syndicated material that they had financial interest in. brought golden era of independent Television production. Repealed in 1993
TV network Oligopoly, the Big Five	time warner, Disney, National amusements, news corp, and NBC Universal. Thesea are all vertically integrated conglomerates that own almost all aspects of production and distribution
Synergy practices	Foce behind the urge to merge
Cable Television	Started in 1966 in attempt to break up the big three's oligopoly
Narrow casting	Targets media aims at a specific segments of the audience.
Audience Segmentation	The process of dividing large target audience into smaller homogenous sub groups
FOX formula	Rollout schedule- program few days a week. target specific audiences, soaps for women, target white, middle class families, shows featuring african americans on the cast
Decline of big three networks	Growing number of cable viewers, FOX joins the competition, Frequently rely on a few mega hits for syndication profits, other shows turn over rapidly
Strategies of 4 major networks	invest in technology like Hulu. Find alternatives to advertising like product placement. Focus on Live Blockbuster performances like the Super Bowl or olympics. find cheaper programming like reality TV.
Network Cable	relies solely on ads, everyone gets these for free
Basic cable	relies on ads and subscriptions, things like disney, AMC etc
Premium cable	Relies solely on subscriptions, like HBO
Strategies for premium cable	increased production cost, more violence and sext to increase lure, focus on original programming, pay more for hollywood movies, associate brand with quality television.
Strategies for basic cable	best of both worlds, profitable with lower ratings. censored by ad sales not the FCC
Consequences of Post network era	draws more talent to television, increased fluidity between network, basic, and premium cable, vastly more original programming
Reality television	No writers, no actors, no Unions. Cheaper to make. lower production value. poor syndication profits
Episodic narrative structure	Outrageous coincidences, unsympathetic protagonist, multiple plot lines, self contained story, random story development, outrageous payoff as the multipole plots collide.
Serial narrative structure	Development of characters, open ended endings (cliffhangers), seasonal text -> series text
Sitcom formula	half hour comedy, network TV's foundation, tradition of runaway hits, performance based, flexible programming, proscenium style.
proscenium style	Dominant sitcom style throughout history, stage bound, roots in live theatre, live studio audience, preformed in continuity, shot live on tape, multiple cameras
Star system	Film studios discovered that certain stars could attract viewers no matter what the movie was. The star system uses star's popularity to promote the movie
Production code 1934 ( hays code)	prohibits the glorification of violent or indecent behavior
Rise and Fall of the classical hollywood studio system	paramount decree of 1948 stopped the vertical integration monopoly of the studios, also television caused it to drop in popularity
Studio system	Owned all aspects of film from production to exhibition and kept writes, actors, etc. under contact.
the big 5 fully integrated major studios	MGM, Paramount, 20th century fox, Warner brothers, RKO
The little 3 minor studios (no theaters)	Universal, Columbia, United Artists
The Big 8 producer Distributors	owned most of the first run theaters, controlled the flow of movies to other theaters, shared each other's work and ran them in each other's theaters. Locked out significant competition in both production and exhibition sectors
1848 paramount decree	Studios forced to get rid of their theatre holdings, stopped block booking and other practices, attempted to stop monopolization
Casablanca's relationship to Film Noir	Black and white, effective use of shadows, primary moods of melancholy, pessimism, bleakness, disenchantment, guilt, desperation, alienation. all the elements of Film noir but not classified as a classic Film Noir.
Role of Casablanca in US foreign policy	Get war support and establish anti-Nazi sentiment
Television's threat to Hollywood	As television popularity increased, more people stayed home to watch TV
JAWS and the birth of Blockbuster	Summer release, national saturation marketing campaign. Wide release, Genre blending to appeal to men and women, franchising,
New Hollywood/conglomerate Hollywood	1990's, deregulation of film, end of cold war/globalization, studios annex the indie film market, digital revolution.
Long Shot	overview of the location, big picture
Medium shot	Closer than long shot, usually a fair distance from the characters but you can clearly see their actions, information shot
Close-up	on the faces of the characters or on important aspects of the scene like an important item.
Basic shot progressions	long shot, medium shot, close up
Denotative	literal, what does the shot mean
connotative	deeper, what is implied
eye level shots	Power neutral, Identification shot
Low angle shot	Give power to the subject, makes them appear large
High angle shot	take away power, makes the subject seem small
Continuity editing	make editing invisible
Eisenstein's theory of Dialectical Montage	Shot A+ Shot B= Idea C in viewer's mind. Has a huge problem with misreading
Sergei Eisenstein	Soviet film maker who studied japanese Calligraphy. theorized that two separate Ideas could come together to create a completely new Idea in the viewer's mind
Montage	Link. Links scenes together based off of color, light, action, and direction. works well with continuity editing.
French New wave	Young film makers reaction to commercial production
Jump cut	and elliptical cut that appears as an interruption of a single shot
Hollywood's 3 act structure	Beginning, middle, end. Plot points at the end of each act. The escalate the stakes at the end of each act and at the end the conflict is resolved
Polyphonic or ensemble plot	multiple protagonists. single location. all share a single goal, interwoven story.
Parallel Plot	Multiple protagonists in different times/places. Charachters are not proximate
Multiple personality (branched) plot	Same characters, different realities/versions of them
The Daisy Chain Plot	No central protagonist, on character leads to the next, each character has it own plot. The story possibly follows an object.
The backwards plot	the entire thing runs backwards, the goal of the story is to find the initial cause or inciting incident
The repeated action Plot	One character keeps repeating a single action until they get it right
Repeated event plot	One event seen by multiple characters perspectives
The Hub and spoke plot	multiple characters, multiple story lines connect precisely at one point
The jumbled plot	Jumbled sequence of events motivated artistically by the film makers prerogative
Subjective plot	a charachter's internal or filtered perspective
existential plot	Minimal goal, causality, and exposition the audience is forced to infer connections on their own, as in real life
The metanarrative plot	Narration about the problem of movie narration
The Tarantino effect	increase in alternate narratives effect fragmented, postmodern, shorter repeated situations
essentials of screenwriting	First 10 pages need to be important so that people will keep reading but the last 15 also need to be important
ACT 1	8-12 scenes. go from stasis to conflict using inciting incident. set the tone and the world. cross the threshold from ordinary to extraordinary
ACT 2	Avoid complications. Trailer moments begin to happen. Tke care of business, the couple courts. The Goal at the beginning of the act is acheived at the end of the act but it no longer matters because they have a new goal. create a false ending-low point
ACT 3	5-10 scenes, they acheived their goal, or died trying
Importance of character	The main character must undergo a change
The scarcity argument	says that the small number of stations and the cost of entering broadcasting should result extra regulations
Self- Regulation	Industry's own codes of conduct by which they must abide. Pressured by advertisers, advocacy groups, and the audience
First amendment	freedom of speech
Libel	Harmful and untruthful written criticism by the media that intends to hurt someone
Defamation	Limit/threat to free speech. False statements about individuals or organizations that damage their reputation. Private citizens have more protection than public figures
Obscenity	limit/threat to free speech. Average person applying community standards must find content obsessed with sex and containing no literary or artistic value
Indecency	Applies only to broadcast radio and TV between 6am and 10 pm, after that adult language is tolerated
Privacy	Media may not reveal specifics about individuals unless it is directly concerning to the community. and my not sell personal information about its consumers. after 9/11, privacy lost its meaning and the government can monitor phone calls.
Intellectual property	Protect artists and inventors rights to their own original and creative work. helps benefit society by allowing authors to prifit from their work and for society to draw from existing work.
Copyright	exclusive rights to creative work. Regulates reproduction, distribution, and adaptation of original work. Infringement is illegal
Telecommunications act of 1996	Relaxed restrictions to number of media ownerships, relaxed cross ownership regulation, relied on competition between previously seperate industries like cable and phone vs regulation oligopoly within industries
Initial goals of the telecommunications act of 1996	Increase competition and innovation in the media industry between platforms like cable and phone. and eventually improve the publics media experience, Higher quality, lower prices, more choices
Results of the telecommunications act of 1996	Series of vertical and horizontal integration. concentrated ownership/ power of media industries.
Consequences of the telecommunications act of 1996	Basically big companies just bought out all the small mom and pop type stations resulting in Huge companies, skyrocketing the cost of entry, and limiting the variation of content
Moores law	Exponential growth of computing power, computing power doubles every 18 months on mobile devices too
ISP's	internet service providers, companies that offer internet connection for a monthly fee
PC's	Serve a single user at one time, serve as a tool for enhancing productivity, creativity, and communication
Digital divide	Relative lack of access of new technologies to lower income families, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and citizens of developing countries
Origins of the internet	Listserv communities of email of likeminded, scattered people. Bulitin boards (bbs) and ISP's such as AOL
ARPANET	The predecessor to the internet, a network of computers developed by the Advance research project agency as a way to link labs to universities in the 1960's and 70's
Network Neutrality	The Idea that internet users should have equal access to all types of internet online, that ISP's should not be able to block or give priority to certain types or sources of content. Supported by small businesses consumers, and entrepreneurs.
Cellphone as third screen	The idea that smartphones and tablets are used as a supplementary device to the television and computer.
Dot-combubble	A period of inflated expansion of new internet business in the late 1990's
The Long Tail	The theory that as production costs fall, consumers fit more easily int niche markets. there is no need to create one size fits all hit products
Social Media	Online Media used for social interaction
New media and Identity management	A way of crating a distinguished online presence of a person online bases off of photos, status updates, blog posts and any other type of content uploaded about this person
Bonding	Exclusive, homogenous ties, people like us, family, roomates, close friends from school, work, church etc
Bridging	Inclusive Heterogeneous ties, people you don't know well. People of other cultural, ethnic backgrounds
Weak Ties	Friends, neighbors, and workmates with whom you are not very close. Provide support when lookign for a job, important viewpoints or opinions on hot media topics, and sociability
Strong ties	People with whom one is very close
Bowling alone	Living life through a screen instead of participating in face to face interaction
Networked individual model	More individualism/opportunity. New social network structures. varied, spread specialized nets. less intense local social connections. Many weak/thin widespread ties
Modality	Techs and personalized gameplay
First game platform	Big computers. Space war 1962, shoot at targets.
Big consoles (arcades)	Pong 1972, second type of game platform genera- sports
Home consoles	Miniaturized arcades, atari with joystick - sports
Nintendo	Donkey kong, Super mario Brothers 1982, 1985. platform, get from one to another
PC's and games	Tetris 1986
Massively multiplayer online games	evolved from dungens and dragons. Everquest 1999, to current champion World of Warcraft. Fantasy adventure game genera
Wii and kinect	Wii increases interactivity with movement controller, Kinect takes it further with full body movements
Hand held game consoles	Originally the gameboy, evolving to the Ipad and I pod where screen is viewer as well as controller
Immersion	Experience of being transported to a stimulating new realm. Creates belief building between the player and the text
Agency	The satisfying power to take meaningful action and see the results of our decisions. its the Play in the game. Journey stories Unfolding solutions to seemingly impossible situations
Transformation	Interactive media's ability to offer users imaginary roles and opportunities to see processes unfold in various ways
Video Games and Impact	Fear of copycat, blame call of duty to columbine shootings 1999. post 9/11 games re-imagiane USA. Games used for recruitment and training of military. Militarization of society
Gaming culture	Comercial gaming structure is an interconnected Techno-cultural feild of social practices structured around video gameplay in and out of mediated game spaces
Interactive media	Complex web of user actions and technological affordances used by producers, consumers, texts, and marketing materials
Globalization as a process of creating interconnectedness	Reduces differences created by space, time, and culture
How globalization is affected by technological developments	all nations now have some people using the internet, and satellite television and new technology can greatly increase the access and global reach for some
Transnational companies	Are located in many companies with a central corporate facility but leave decision making to individual foreign markets
Global companies	located in many companies and market their product through the same coordinated image/brand in each market. Generally one corporate office is responsible for global strategy and there is an emphasis on volume, cost management, and efficiency.
Cultural Linguistic markets	A market of nations that share a similar language, history, race etc. Countries with similar cultures.
Geographic proximity	sharing a close geographic proximity, like how mexico and latin america are close
Cultural Imperialism	Implies imbalance in global power structure, implies dominance of a specific country
hybridity (culture)	Intermixing of previously separate cultures over time to create a new culture. America.
Localization	Taking an Idea or concept that worked well in one area and applying it to another
Glocalization	Local people borrowing or adapting global ideas
Regionalization	links together bases off of cultural, geographic, linguistic, and historical commonalities
Global film flow dynamics	Americans dominate global film market. We started in WWI because other countries were unable to begin due to war. Our TV is avaliable nationally. Restrictions are being placed on about of imported tv countries have. We create Movies specifically4 overseas
Music Flows	American music can be heard in almost every country along with local music which appeals more to the lower/ working class
Global Digital Divide	More or less connected through computers with the rest of the world. Computer infrastructure gap may cause poorer countries to fall farer behind. and some countries censor internet.
Name a method or subfield of critical Media Studies.	Ethnic media studies, Feminist studies, Media as literature, Media literacy, Political Economy
What is the New York Times Effect?	Things published in the New York Times appear in smaller publications the next day.
In Media Studies, The content of movies, Video Games, or other forms of media can be referred to as what?	Text
Give an example of a person who might have a racial identity different from his or her ethnic background?	Barrack Obama, a black person in america from a Caribbean Island or latin america.
Briefly describe a historical or conceptual idea from cadallac records that also appeared in the book.	payola
What is one major characteristic of a hard sell in advertising?	lots of factual information/ statistics
How did the titanic disaster affect Radio according to empires in the air?	Led to the Radio act of 1912, first regulation of radio
Name a radio program Genere featured in Radio Days that still exists today.	crime, news, sports
Name a form of programming that public broadcasting stations are more likely to provide than commercial radio stations	News
Give one reason that the hollywood system collapsed in the late 1940's according to the online lecture.	Suburban Migration, TV, paramount decree
Name one way that World War II impacted the production of Casablanca?	Propaganda, Conversion to war movie
Name one segment of the media industry completely owned by the big 6 media conglomeration.	Exhibition
What is one consequence of reagan era deregulation of television?	Deregulation of media, free market economies, waves of media mergers
Give an example of a moment or scen in the episode of I love Lucy aired in class that reflects or challenges cultural norms of the 1950's	Lucy and ricardo slept in the same bed. Drunk on TV. Lucy pregnant. Interracial couple.
What is an economic advantage of reality television?	Cheap production, no writers, actors, or unions. Networks can choose the lowest bidder from dozens of companies.
Name a common trait of Italian neo-realism Cinema	Realistic. On- location. Non-professional actors
Name one specific rule of Hollywood continuity editing.	Shot-reverse shot, Match action cut, Glance object cut (matches the eyeline)
What is one of three elements of film narrative?	Single protagonist, Goal oriented, three act structure, Chronological order
Name an example of a contemporary film with an alternative plot according to the reading.	Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind, Memento, Pulp Fiction, Adaptation
Describe a clear difference in visual form between curb your enthusiasm and earlier sitcoms like I love Lucy.	Live studio audience versus a set. Improvisation.
Give an example of direct audience involvement in internet documentaries.	Crowd sourcing. Direct production and distribution through Youtube and Facebook.
Describe a skill/ technique that paul stekler emphasized as vital to making a film like Politics texas style.	You have to have a plot twist, you have to be flexible in finding the most interesting story.
Give an example of how a PR campaign might use social media as part of an election.	They can use Facebook/ social media to spread their message, gain awareness etc.
What is professor one of professor Howard's key three pieces of advice for succeeding in the film industry?	Know what you want and what you need. Stay prepared for both. Pay attention.
Give an example of campaign advisors using spin or changing the perception of a story in the War Room.	The footage of campaign materials in Brazil given a negative spin by opponents. The clinton administration saying that the republicans paid the singer who claimed that she had an affair with clinton.
What is one attribute of web 2.0	More user generated content
Name one of the challenges that Andy Garrison faced while trying to shoot trash dance.	Funding. Accuring finances
Give an example of bridging the social capital.	Making friends with people not like you. Maybe someone of a different ethnicity.
What is one aspect of immersion in video games	Expansive in game environments
Name one of the revolutions that are part of the triple revolution.	mobile revolution. internet revolution.
Give an example of negative consequences of mobile technology.	Individualism. Always having to be available. having to work outside of the job hours.
Name one of the specific types of speech not protected by the first amendment.	Libel. Slander. Defamation. Can't yell fire in a movie theatre is there isn't a fire.
What are some negative consequences of strong copyright laws?	less usability for educational purposes
What is one aspect of agency in video games?	Decision based games
Name one defining trait of the networked individual.	Wide range of weak ties

Created by: 100000004750526

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