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Judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing custom. Decisions were applied to similar situations and gradually be
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A court rule bearing on subsequent legal decisions in similar cases. Judges rely on precedents in deciding cases
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Ap Gov Unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing custom. Decisions were applied to similar situations and gradually be | Common Law |
| A court rule bearing on subsequent legal decisions in similar cases. Judges rely on precedents in deciding cases | Precedent |
| To stand on decided cases: the judicial policy of following precedents established by past decisions | Stare decisis |
| Laws enacted by state legislatures | Statutes |
| Passed by city, couty, and local political bodies | Ordinances |
| Judicial interpretations of common law principles and doctrines, as well as interpretations of constitutional law, statutory law, and administrative law. | Case Law |
| The authority of a court to decide certain cases. Not all courts have the authority to decide all cases. Where a case arises and what is subject matter is are two jurisdictional issues. | Jurisdiction |
| A question that has to do with the U.S Constitution, acts of Congress, or treaties. A federal question provides a basis for federal jurisdiction. | Federal Question |
| The condition that exists when the parties to a lawsuit are citizens of different states, or when the parties are citizens of a U.S. state and citizens or the government of a foreign country. Provides basis for Federal Jurisdiction. | Diversity of Citizenship |
| The court in which most cases begin | Trail Court |
| Exists when a court's authority to hear cases is restricted to certain types of claims, such as tax claims or bankruptcy petitions | Limited Jurisdiction |
| A court having jurisdiction to review cases and issues that were originally tried in lower courts | Appellate Court |
| COURT HEARS REQUESTS FOR WARRANTS FOR SURVEILLANCE OF SUSPECTED SPIES(7 judges meet in secret) warrants can be attained without an open court | FISA Court |
| To engage in a legal proceeding or seek relief in a court of law to carry on a lawsuit. | Litigate |
| brief filled by a third party not involved in the case but are interested or helped by the outcome | Amicus Curiae Briefs |
| A lawsuit filed by an individual seeking damages for "all persons similarly situated | Class action suit |
| An order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the record of a case for review | Writ of Cetiorari |
| A United States Supreme Court procedure by which four justices must vote to grant a petition for review if a case is to come before the full court | Rule of four |
| The statement by a judge or a court of the decision reached in a case. The opinion sets forth the applicable law and details the reasoning on which the ruling was based | Opinion |
| To declare that a court ruling is valid and must stand | Affirm |
| To annul or make void a court ruling on account of some error or irregularity. | Reverse |
| To send a case back to the court that originally heard it. | Remand |
| A court opinion or determination on which all judges agree | Unanimous Opinion |
| A court opinion reflecting the views of the majority of the judges. | Majority Opinion |
| A separate opinion prepared by a judge who supports the decision of the majority of the court but who wants to make or clarify a particular point or to voice disapproval of the grounds on which the decision was made. | Concurring Opinion |
| A separate opinion in which a judge disagrees with the conclusion reached by the majority on the court and expounds his/her own views about the case | Dissenting Opinion |
| In federal district court judgeship nominations, a tradition allowing a senator to veto a judicial appointment in his or her state. | Senatorial Courtesy |
| A doctrine holding that the Supreme Court should take an active role by using its powers to check the activities of governmental bodies when those bodies exceed their authority. | Judicial Activism |
| A doctrine holding that the Supreme Court should defer to the decisions made by the elected representatives of the people in the legislative and executive branches. | Judicial Restraint |
| A judicial philosophy that looks to the context and purpose of a law when making an interpretaion | Broad Construction |
| A judicial philosophy that looks to the "letter of the law" when interpreting the constitution or a particular statute | Strict Construction |
| Public plans or courses of action that concern internal issues of national importance, such as poverty, crime, and the environment | Domestic Policy |
| A federal health-insurance program that covers U.S residents over the age of sixty-five. The costs are met by a tax on wages and salaries. | Medicaire |
| A joint state-federal program that provides medical care to the poor (including indigent elderly persons in nursing homes). It is funded out of general government revenues. | Medicaid |
| Money value of all final goods and services produced in a year | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
| those without healt insurance More the 15 percent of the population | Uninsured |
| A plan to provide universal health insurance under which the government provides basic health-care coverage to all citizens. In most such plans, the program is funded by taxes on wages or salaries. | National Health Insurance |
| A plan under which one entity has a monopoly on issuing a particular type of insurance. | Single-Payer Plan |
| A system for providing medical and hospital care for all at a nominal cost by means of government regulation of health services and subsidies derived from taxation | Socialized Medicine |
| Plan that allows you to contribute pre-tax money to be used for qualified medical expenses | Health savings account |
| A good or service-such as food stamps, housing, or medical care-provided by the government to low-income groups | In-kind Subsidy |
| A state administered program in which grants from the national government are used to provide welfare benefits | Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) |
| Benefits issued by the federal government to low income individuals to be used for the purchase of food; originally provided as coupons but now typically provided electronically through a card similar to a debit card. | Food Stamps |
| Preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife | Conservation |
| The maintain safety from harm | Preservation |
| Established a U.S. national policy promoting the enhancement of the environment and also established the President's Council on Environmental Quality | National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |
| A report that must show the costs and benefits of major federal actions that could significantly affect the quality of the enviornment | Environmental Protection Agency |
| Decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% by 2012 US rejected plan because developing countries exempted | Kyoto Protocol |
| The inability of those who are in the labor force to find a job:defined as the total number of those in the labor force actively looking for a job but unable to find one. | Unemployment |
| econmmics the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs | Laissez-faire econmics |
| A sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services. | Inflation |
| Two or more successive quarters in which the economy shrinks instead of grows. | Recession |
| tax to pay minimum level of pension benefits to all | Social Security act of 1935 |
| A measure of the change in price over time of a specific group of goods and services used by the average household. | Consumer Price Index (CPI) |
| A school of economic thought that tends to favor active federal government policy making to stabilize economy-wide fluctuations, usually by implementing discretionary fiscal policy. | Keynesian Economics |
| A fiscal policy achieved through government intervention, as opposed to automatic stabilizers. | Discretionary fiscal policy |
| Government imposed controls on the maximum prices that may be charged for specific goods and services, plus controls on permissible wage increases | Wage and price Controls |
| The accumulation of all past federal government deficits; the total amount owed by the federal government to individuals,businesses, and foreigners. | Net Public Debt |
| The net public debt plus inter-agency borrowings within the government | Gross Public Debt |
| the total of the nation's debts: debts of local and state and national governments | Public Dept |
| The dollar value of all final goods and services produced in a one year period. | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
| The amount by which a government's, company's, or individual's income exceeds its spending over a particular period of time. | Budget Surplus |
| The agency created by Congress in 1913 to serve as the nation's central banking organization. | Federal Reserve System (the Fed) |
| The most important body within the Federal Open Market Committee decides how monetary policy should be carried out. | Federal Open Market Committee |
| The utilization of changes in the amount of money in circulation to alter credit markets, employment, and the rate of inflation. | Monetary Policy |
| An international body founded in 1995 to promote international trade and economic development by reducing tariffs and other restrictions. | World Trade Organization |
| as income increases, so do taxes | Progressive tax |
| fall in percentage of tax as income rises | Regressive tax |
| U.S. law requiring a deduction from paychecks and income that goes toward the Social Security program and Medicare. | Federal Insurance Contribution Act (FICA) |
| Those who continue to work will have to pay more in Social Security taxes to those who benefit Baby Boom Population is coming to Retirement therefore more Social Security money will be needed increasing taxes | Problems with Social Security |
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