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Chem Ch 12
Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genome | the complete set of inheritable traits of an organism |
| Genes | short pieces of code for the production of proteins |
| Erwin Chargaff | Percent of each base in a species is identical for all members of the same species (Chargaff's Rule) |
| Chargaff's Rule | % of Adenine= % of Thymine % of Guanine= % of Cytosine |
| Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins | 1952 took the first x-ray diffraction pattern of a DNA fiber (hinted at a helix and a stack of base pairs) |
| James Watson and Francis Crick | drew mostly on results of Chargaff, Franklin, Wilkins, and Pauling; determined for a final structure of DNA has a double helix (A hydrogen bonded to T AND G hydrogen bonded to C) |
| Primary structure of protein | the unique identity and sequence of the amino acids that make up each protein. First and most basic identifier of a protein. Contains 3 valines, 2 glutamic acids, and 1 histide. EX: val glu val his glu val |
| Secondary structure of protein | the folding pattern within a segment of the protein chain. Helix, parallel chains, etc |
| Tertiary structure of protein | Overall structure |
| X-ray Diffraction | an analytical technique in which a crystal is hit by a beam of x-rays to generate a pattern that reveals the positions of the atoms in the crystal |
| Double helix | a spiral consisting o two strands that coil around a central axis. |
| Primary DNA structure | sequences of base pairs |
| Secondary DNA structure | helix (double helix) |
| Tertiary DNA structure | coiled coil |
| Codon | sequence of three adjacent nucleotides that either guides the insertion of a specific amino acid or signals the start or end of protein synthesis. |
| How do codons code for proteins? | Codon sequence CAC in a DNA molecule signals that a molecule of the amino acid histidine should be incorporated into the protein, TTC codes for phenylalanine, and CCG stands for proline. |
| Junk DNA | sets of codons appear multiple times for frequently used proteins; the remainder was called junk DNA Components of an organism's DNA sequences that do not encode for protein sequences Some of this is now know to have a function |
| DNA in a human cell | Base Pairs: 3 billion Genes: about 30,000 Chromosomes: 46, 23 pairs DNA molecules: 46 because each chromosome is one DNA molecule |
| Recombinant DNA | a mix of genes from animal, plant, and bacteria. Use enzyme to extract and cut open plasmids from bacteria -Isolate/create gene coding for desired protein -Use another enzyme to insert gene into cut plasmid and rejoin making a vector -Vector carried b |
| Examples of recombinant DNA | insulin human growth hormone, vaccines, DNA diagnosis |
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