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Bio2Ch56
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Group of interbreeding individuals occupying the same habitat at the same time | Population |
| Water lilies in a particular lake and humans in New York City are examples of what? | Populations |
| Study of what factors affect population size and how these factors change over space and time | Population ecology |
| Birth rates, death rates, age distributions, and sizes of populations are tools of _____ | Demography |
| Number of organisms in a given unit area | Density |
| Population growth affects population _____ | Density |
| What can help us make decisions about management of species? | Knowledge |
| QUANTIFYING POPULATION DENSITY: simple _____ count | Visual |
| QUANTIFYING POPULATION DENSITY: sampling methods to _____ captured organism number to size of population | Extrapolate |
| QUANTIFYING POPULATION DENSITY: _____-_____ method | Mark-recapture |
| Captured animals may learn to _____ traps or seek out food-baited traps | Avoid |
| What are the three dispersion patterns? | Clumped, uniform, random |
| DISPERSION PATTERNS: most common | Clumped |
| DISPERSION PATTERNS: resources tend to be clustered in nature | Clumped |
| DISPERSION PATTERNS: social behavior may promote this pattern | Clumped |
| DISPERSION PATTERNS: competition may cause this pattern | Uniform |
| DISPERSION PATTERNS: may also result from social interactions | Uniform |
| DISPERSION PATTERNS: rarest | Random |
| DISPERSION PATTERNS: resources are rarely randomly spaced | Random |
| DISPERSION PATTERNS: may occur where resources are common and abundant | Random |
| Produce all offspring in a single reproductive event, individuals reproduce once and die | Semelparity |
| Reproduce in successive years or breeding seasons | Iteroparity |
| Distinct breeding seasons | Seasonal iteroparity |
| Reproduce repeatedly at any time of the year | Continuous iteroparity |
| Reproductive strategy has a strong effect on subsequent _____ classes of a population | Age |
| Semelparous organisms with same-aged young are called what? | Cohorts |
| Iteroparous organisms have young of different _____ | Ages |
| Expect a population _____ in size to have many young | Increasing |
| Expect a population _____ in size to have few young | Decreasing |
| Data on the number of individuals alive in a particular age class | Life table |
| In life tables, _____ are usually not included | Males |
| Plots numbers of surviving individuals at each age | Survivorship curve |
| The survivorship curve uses _____ scale to make it easier to examine wide range of population sizes | Log |
| Beavers have a fairly _____ rate of death over the life span | Uniform |
| SURVIVORSHIP CURVES: rate of loss of juveniles low and most individuals lost later in life | Type I |
| SURVIVORSHIP CURVES: fairly uniform death rate (beaver example) | Type II |
| SURVIVORSHIP CURVES: rate of loss for juveniles high and then loss low for survivors | Type III |
| Proportion of female offspring born to females of reproductive age | Age-specific fertility rate (Mx) |
| If 100 females produce 75 female offspring, Mx = ? | 0.75 |
| Uses survivorship data to find proportion of individuals alive at the start of any given age class | Age-specific survivorship rate (Ix) |
| Contribution of each age class to overall population growth = ? | IxMx |
| Overall growth rate per generation; number of offspring born to females of all ages | Net reproductive rate = R0 |
| To calculate future size of population, multiple number of individuals in the population by what? | Net reproductive rate |
| If R0 is greater than 1, the population is... | Growing |
| If R0 is less than 1, the population is... | Declining |
| If R0 is equal to one, the population is... | At equilibrium |
| Can provide accurate information about how populations grow from generation to generation | Life tables |
| Resources not limiting; prodigious growth | Exponential growth |
| Resources limiting, limits to growth | Logistic growth |
| Change in population size over any time period | Per capita growth rate |
| In the per capita growth rate, births and deaths are expressed per _____ | Individual |
| EXPONENTIAL GROWTH: when r is greater than 0, population increase is _____ | Rapid |
| EXPONENTIAL GROWTH: characteristic _____-shaped curve | J |
| Reintroduction of a population to a habitat, growth of introduced exotic species, and the global human population are examples of what? | Exponential growth |
| For most species, resources become limiting as populations grow; carrying capacity (K) or upper boundary for population | Logistic growth |
| Pattern where growth slows down as it approaches K | Logistic growth |
| Variations in nature change _____ levels that cause change in carrying capacity | Resource |
| Mortality factor whose influence varies with the density of the population | Density-dependent factors |
| Parasitism, predation, and competition are examples of what? | Density-dependent factors |
| Detected by plotting mortality against population density and finding positive slope | Density-dependent factors |
| Mortality factor whose influence is not affected by changes in population size or density | Density-independent factors |
| Weather, drought, flood, and fire are examples of what? | Density-independent factors |
| High rate of per capita population growth, r, but poor competitive ability (weeds) | r-selected species |
| More or less stable population adapted to exist at or near carrying capacity, K; lower reproductive rate but better competitors (trees) | K-selected species |
| In 2006, the world's population was estimated to be increasing at the rate of _____ people every minute | 146 |
| Births per minute: 2 in developed nations and _____ in less developed nations | 144 |
| Human growth fits an _____ pattern | Exponential |
| Human growth was low until _____ and animal domestication | Agriculture |
| Between 1750 and 1998, population surged from 800 million to what? | 6 billion |
| EQUILIBRIUM DENSITIES: before 1750, this was often the case, with high birth rates offset by deaths from wars, famines, and epidemics | High birth rate, high death rate |
| EQUILIBRIUM DENSITIES: in Europe, beginning in the 18th century, better health and living conditions reduced the death rate; eventually, social changes such as increasing education for women and marriage at a later age reduced the birth rate | Low birth rate, low death rate |
| Shift in birth and death rates with development | Demographic transition |
| DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION STAGES: birth and death rates are both high, and the population remains in equilibrium | First stage |
| DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION STAGES: death rate declines first, while the birth rate remains high; high rates of population growth result | Second stage |
| DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION STAGES: birth rates drop and death rates stabilize, so that population growth slows | Third stage |
| DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION STAGES: both birth and death rates are low, and the population is again at equilibrium | Fourth stage |
| Relative numbers of individuals in each defined age group | Age structure |
| Age structure is commonly displayed as population _____ | Pyramid |
| Age structure helps predict _____ population growth | Future |
| Average number of live births a woman has during her lifetime | Total fertility rate |
| Global total fertility rate declined from 4.47 in 1970s to _____ in 2007 | 2.59 |
| A total fertility rate of _____ is needed for zero population growth | 2.3 |
| Total fertility rate differs considerably between _____ areas | Geographic |
| In developed nations, population has _____ | Stabilized |
| In developing countries, population is still _____ dramatically | Increasing |
| Aggregate total of productive land needed for survival in a sustainable world | Ecological footprint |
| Average ecological footprint size is about _____ hectares | Three |
| There is wide variation in ecological footprints around the world; 7.5 for Canadians, _____ for Americans | 10 |
Created by:
stephanielynhannigan