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Text Info for Unit 1
Crusades, Mongols, Byzantine, Islamic, End Middle Ages
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Time period when Mongols began a series of rapid conquests throughout Asia | Early 1200s |
| How successful were the Mongol conquests? | They soon controlled the largest empire in the world. |
| Name 3 reasons behind Mongol successes. | Outstanding leadership; military skill; horses (allowed them to advance 200 miles per day) |
| What are the steppes? | wide, treeless plains of central Asia. Winter in the steppes is long ad bitterly cold, and summer is dry and burning hot. To the north lies the Siberian forest and to the south is desert. |
| What did the Mongols live in? | Yurts -- tents made of felt/wool, that were easily moved but strong enough to ofer protection from the extreme weather. |
| In what types of groups did the Mongols travel? | Clans -- family groups with a formal leader who was usually the eldest male. They were normally made up of several 3 or 4 generation family groups. |
| What was the Mongol practice of anda? | Sworn brotherhood; allowed people to swear allegiance to a clan other than the one they were born into. If the reputation of a tribal leader was very impressive, men from other tribes would swear allegiance to him. |
| What does the Mongol term "noker" mean? | follower; If men from a tribe swore allegiance to another tribal leader, they became that new leader's followers. Their allegiance to him outweighed an allegiance to clan or tribe. |
| What was the Mongol's most important skill? | Horseback riding. Had such countrol they could ride long distances using only their feet. Thus, their hands were free to wield weapons in battle. This was a distinct advantage over their enemies. |
| What 2 roles did horses play for the Mongols? | A battle role and carrying food and water so they didn't have to stop for fresh food or water, they could travel great distances quickly. |
| Who was Temujin? | He was named the great leader of the Mongols in 1206 at age 39. They called him Genghis Khan, and he shaped the powerful Mongol warriors into a tightly structured army. |
| How did Genghis Khan change the military of the Mongols? | He created a clear chain of command by subdividing it into small groupings with group leaders, creating more order in battle. Also incorporated defeated enemy troops who swore allegiance to him. Created elaborate signals to use during noisy battle. |
| What area did the Mongols conquer under Genghis Khan? | All the lands between Beijing (China) and the Caspian Sea. |
| What does the Mongol term Khan mean? | Leader |
| What were some of Genghis Khan's non-military accomplishments for the Mongols? | Had written language created;respected the knowledge and belief of others, opened empire to foreign travelers with missionaries and merchants allowed to go through Mongol lands; made laws forbidding fighting between tribes. |
| What happened to the Mongol empire after Genghis Kahn died? | It was divided into 4 sections (khanates) and each was assigned to one of his 4 sons, with the 3rd son Ogodei elected the overall leader. |
| Did the growth of the Mongol Empire continue after Genghis' death? | Yes, Ogodei conquered the rest of southern Russia and Poland and Hungary. But when Ogodei died the Mongol expansion into Europe stopped. |
| Who was Kublai Khan? | Genghis Khan's grandson. He ruled 20 years after Ogodei's death. The Mongol Empire reached its height under his leadership. |
| Under Kublai Khan, how did the Mongols extend their borders? | To include eastern Europe, most of the Middle East, China, and the intervening territory. |
| Were all Mongol attempts to conquer other lands successful? | No. Under Kublai Khan 2 attempts to invade Japan failed due to typhoons, which destroyed most of the Mongol ships. |
| What kind of stabilization programs did Kublai Khan develop? | He respected merchants and both internal and foreign trade flourished. E established a postal system with riders. Postal stations served as inns for traveling merchants. Postal system helped communication and trade. |
| What led to the breakdown of the Mongol empire? | They were better conquerors than rulers. Couldn't control the vast area they won in battle. Communication across khanates difficult. They began to adopt social customs, languages and religions of the people the conquered so unity of empire disappeared. |
| Who was the last Mongol descendent to attempt to build a lasting empire? | Timur the Lame. He had some success in central Asia to Persia and Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, southern Russia, and India. After his death in 1447 his empire gradually lost its power. |
| What were some of the Mongols memorable accomplishments besides being fearsome warriors? | Showed tolerance or different religions, believing there was truth in each. Promoted trade and travel, fostering the spread of ideas from Asia to Europe. Had strong influence on military tactics (formations of soldiers replaced lone knights). |
| What is Constantinople? | The capital of the Byzantine Empire It became a 2nd center of Christianity (like Rome). |
| What is another name for the Byzantine Empire? | The Eastern Roman Empire |
| The Byzantine emperor became the head of both the ____________ and the _____________. | government and the Christian religion in the East. The people of the Byzantine empire believed the emperor's authority came from G-d and extended to all matters of church and state. |
| The Byzantine Empire generated vast amounts of money from _____________. | Trade. Constantinople became a center of world trade. The government taxed everything that came through the city. |
| Constantinople saw trade from___________. | lands around the Black Sea, Arabia, and Africa. The Byzantines themselves sold many of their own products too: grapes, olives, wheat for export from rural areas plus glassware, enamel, ivory, silk from manufacturers in the capital. |
| Many people from all over the world were attracted to Constantinople to live by________. | Wealth to be made in trade and industry. By the year 1000, one million people lived in the thriving city. |
| Except for government officials and wealthy merchants, most Byzantines were_____________. | poor. Many worked as farmers in rural areas. |
| Describe the situation of Byzantine women. | They had little freedom. They were kept at home, and seldom received any formal education. However, a few women of the wealthy upper classes were educated at home. |
| Who set up the school and libraries in the Byzantine empire? | The government and the church. As a result, there was a higher rate of literacy than in western Europe. Sons of the prosperous merchants studied the Greek and Roman classic writers (e.g., Plato, Homer, Virgil, Aristotle). |
| What was the Hagia Sophia in the Byzantine Empire? | A magnificient church built in 537 under the reign of Emperor Justinian. Means "holy wisdom". Symbolized the Byzantine respect for learning. |
| What was the bishop of Constantinople called? | The Patriarch. But the emperor held more power as the head of both church and government |
| In what language were the Byzantine church services conducted and what was the importance of that? | Greek, the language of the people (not the priestly language of Latin like in the western church). Worshipers could become more involved in the service. |
| What was the difference between Byzantine church architecture and western churches? | Byzantine churches were plainer on the outside, featured domes, but the interiors were richly decorated. Also used non-realistic, flat images of Jesus to get people in a spiritual frame of mind. |
| What is an icon? | A flat, 2-dimensional image of Jesus and saints used in Byzantine churges to honor their religious figures. |
| What was the result of the schism (split) between Pope Leo IX of the West and Patriarch Cerularius of the East? | The church was divided into two separate churches -- the Roman Catholic church in the West and the Eastern Orthodox church in the East. |
| What did the Byzantine emperors due to protect their borders from frequent attacks? | Maintained a powerful military and built walls around the city of Constantinople. |
| In 1071 the Byzantine Empire declined due to attacks by whom? | The Seljuk Turks. In 1095 the Byzantine emperor made desperate plea for help to Pope Urban II, even though the patriarch of the East had excommunicated the pope of the West. |
| What were the Crusades? | 8 wars that Europeans fought to with the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims, between 1096 and 1270. |
| What were the "Infidels"? | Non-Christians, term used during the Crusades. |
| Why did peasants go on the Crusades? | The church promised salvation to those killed trying to recover the Holy Land. Also, they did't have to pay rent to their feudal lord while on a crusade. Offered an adventure. |
| Why did Pope Urban want the Crusades to happen? | Winning the Holy Land back for Christians from Muslims; wanted to reunite western and eastern churches under his rule; wanted knights to devote their energy to christian service instead of fighting with each other. |
| Why did knights go on the Crusades? | They would be granted the land they conquerored (especially important for those not the first born); they were happy to use their fighting skills. |
| What was the original path of the Crusaders? | First to Constantinople, then to Nicaea (Seljuk capital) then eastward across Turkey where established crusader states. Then Southward to the Holy Land |
| What were Crusader states? | Small outposts run like feudal kingdoms. Crusaders chose kings though they had no more power than feudal lords. |
| What did the crusaders do when they reached the holy land? | They slaughtered the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants and made the city the capital of another crusader state. But they were vulnerable to threats from Muslim forces. |
| Why was there a 2nd Crusade? | During the 1140s, 40 years after the first, the Muslims began to overpower the crusader states. The church urged the crusaders to renew the battle. |
| Why was the 2nd Crusade unsuccessful? | Instead of fighting against the Muslims, the French and German armies fought among themselves. Muslims almost wiped out the crusader army in Turkey. The Crusaders who did make it couldn't get along with those already there and they fought each other. |
| Who was Saladin and what did he do? | Strong leader of the Muslim forces. Became the supreme leader of both Egypt and Syria in 1171. He decisively defeated the 2nd crusaders and retook Jerusalem and Palestine from the Christians. |
| What happened during the 3rd Crusade? | Went badly from beginning. Kings of Germany, France and England went, but the German king died and army went back. English and French kings captured Acre on the coast. The English king Richard executed all Muslims within the city's walls. |
| What happened during the 4th Crusade? | Venice merchants wanted crusaders to install the emperor they wanted in Byzantine. People of Constantinople rebelled when they got there, and Crusaders "sacked" the city, burning libraries, desecrating churches, stealing everything valuable for Venice. |
| How did the Crusades affect Jews? | Was disasterous for them. Crusaders considered them infidels like the Muslims, and they slaughtered eastern and western Jewish populations and destroyed a number of Jewish towns along the Rhine River. |
| In what ways did western Europe benefit from the crusades? | 1. Trade expanded; 2. Transfer of military knowledge/technology; 3. Arabic ideas of love poetry and music spread to European arts; 4. increased desire to spread Christianity; 5. Opened Europeans eyes to world; 6. Strengthened European Monarchs |
| What was the Black Death? | A plague/disease that spread through Europe beginning in 1347. Black spots formed under the skin from internal bleeding. Also brought a rosy rash and sneezing. |
| Many areas of Europe were already weakened by ________________ before the Black Death hit. | Famine |
| By the late 1300s, what share of the population had died from the plague? | 1/4 to 1/3 of the population of Europe. In some towns over 50% died. |
| How did the plague impact feudal society? | So many died, there weren't enough people to harvest food. Peasants demanded better wages and lower rents, lords resisted, peasants rebelled, moving to towns & some burned down manor houses. As peasants broke ties with landlords, feudal system faltered. |
| What is a monarchy? | Strong central government ruled by king or queen. Power was shifting from 1100s to 1300s from feudal estates to Kings and Queens. |
| Was the increasing power of kings well received by everyone in the 1300s? | No. Revolts by many nobles against Kings and fights between Kings produced war. The longest war of the middle ages started in 1337: 100 years war between England and France. English king declared he was king of France. French eventually won in 1453. |
| What is a heretic? | One who speaks beliefs different from the accepted church opinion. |
| How did fighting change in Europe in the 1300s? | Introduction of guns and gunpowder; hiring professional soldiers to raise large armies; use of Tools learned from Muslims and Chinese (gunpowder, hand grenades, flame throwers) |
| What is "individualism"? | The idea that each person should be free to develop and pursue his or her own goals. This became an important value for many of the people of the 1300s. |
| In spite of the famine and the plague and wars of late medieval society, ______________ and ___________ flourished. | manufacturing and trade. Goods and services were in more demand then ever. |
| In late medieval society, _________ were prosperous and bustling with people buying and selling food and goods. | towns |
| The commercial class in towns of the late medieval society did not rely much on the ____________ for guidance. They focused on achieving ______________ and_____________. | did not rely much on the church for guidance. They focused on achieving earthly success and wealth. |
| Women in late medieval society were kept out of government and some guilds, but their work as _____________, ___________, and ________ was crucial to both family and town economy. | merchants, shopkeepers, and artisans |
| Who was Joan of Arc? | French teenager who insisted she got a message from G_d telling her to help drive the English out of France in 1429. English army tried her as a witch and burned her at the stake when she was 19. She fought alongside French soldiers in 100 years war. |
Created by:
lblumberg