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Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility |
| capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity |
| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the ________ | epimysium |
| ________ another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. It surrounds and separates muscles. | fascia |
| composed of numerous visible bundles (muscle fasciculi); surrounded by loose connective tissue | perumysium |
| fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called ______ | fibers |
| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called _________ | endomysium |
| a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils |
| Myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers | actin myofilaments; myosin myofilaments |
| thin myofilaments; resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together | actin myofilamnets |
| thick myofilaments; resemble bundles of minute golf clubs | myosin myofilaments |
| actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called _____ | sarcomeres |
| the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle | sarcomere |
| each sarcomere extends from one _______ to another _______ | Z line; Z line |
| The arrangement of actin and myosin give a _____ appearance. | banded |
| What is an A band? | the darker central region in each sarcomere |
| H zone consists of only what? | myosin |
| Myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called the ______ ________. | M line |
| What is the change difference across the membrane called? | resting membrane potential |
| when a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly. What is this brief reversal back of the charge called? | action potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a _______ ________, or __________ near the center of the cell. | neuromuscular junction, synapse |
| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervated are called a ______ ______ | motor unit |
| The enlarged nerve terminal is the _______ terminal. | presynaptic terminal |
| The space between the presynaptic terminal cell and the muscle cell is the ______ ____, and the muscle fiber is the ________ ______. | synaptic cleft, postsynaptic terminal |
| Each presynaptic terminal contains ______ _____ that secrete a neurotransmitter called _______. | synaptic vesicles, acetylcholine |
| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by enzymes, _______. | acetylcholinesterase |
| What is the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction called? | sliding filament mechanism |
| What is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers? | muscle twitch |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called _______, at which point the muscle fiber contract maximally. What is this phenomenon caalled? | threshold, all-or-none response |
| What is the time between application of a stimulus to motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction called? | lag phase |
| What is the time of contraction called? | contraction phase |
| What is the time during which the muscle relaxes called? | relaxation phase |
| What is tetany? | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called ______. | recruitment |
| What is ATP needed for? | energy for muscle contraction |
| Where is ATP produced? | mitochondria |
| When at rest they can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule, called _____ ______. | creatine phosphate |
| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| What is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose acid and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells? | oxygen debt |
| _______ ______ results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells. | muscle fatigue |
| There are _____ types of muscle contraction. | 2 |
| the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | isometric |
| Isometric is equal ______. | distance |
| the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | isotonic |
| Isotonic is equal ______. | tension |
| _______ _____ refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight. | muscle tone |
| _______-______ fibers contract quickly and fatigue quickly. | fast-twitch fibers |
| What fibers are well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism? | fast-twitch fibers |
| _______-______ fibers contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. | slow-twitch fibers |
| Which fibers are better suited for aerobic metabolism? | slow-twitch fibers |
| What is the most stationary end of the muscle? | origin (head) |
| What is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement? | insertion |
| What is the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion? | belly |
| What are muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements called? | synergists |
| What are muscles that work in opposition to one another called? | antagonists |
| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the _____ _____. | prime mover |
| occipitofrontalis | raises eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids - "crows feet" |
| orbicularis oris | puckers lips |
| buccinator | flattens cheeks - "trumpeter's muscle" |
| orbicularis oris and buccinator together | used for kissing |
| zygomaticus | smiling |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| mastication | temporalis and masseter |
| tongue muscles | extrinsic and intrinsic |
| extrinisic | moves the tongue |
| intrinsic | changes shape of the tongue |
| In the sliding filament mechanism, the _ and _ bands shorten, but the _ bands do not change in length. | H and I, A |
| The points of attachment of each muscle are its origin and insertion. At these attachment points the muscle is connected to the bone by a _____. | tendon |
Created by:
mbutcher2013