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Anatomy Ch. 24
Ch. 24 Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The __ system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. | urinary |
| Primary functions of the kidneys is to filter __, removing __ products and converting the filtrate into __. Urine is transported by ureters from kidneys to urinary bladder. Stores up to __ __ of urine until eliminated through urethra. | blood, waste, urine, 1 liter |
| Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra = __ __ transports urine out of the body. | urinary tract |
| The five functions of the kidneys are: | 1.) remove unwanted materials from the blood, 2.) regulate the numbers of erythrocytes 3.) maintain blood plasma concentration of ions, 4.) help regulate blood pH, 5.) helps maintain blood glucose with severe limitation on nutrient intake |
| Each kidney is surrounded and supported by several tissue layers. From innermost (closest to kidney) to outermost they are: | fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, and paranephric fat |
| The __ __ or renal capsule is directly adhered to the external surface of the kidneys. It is composed of __ __ c.t. and maintains the kidney's shape, protects it from trauma, and helps prevent infectious pathogens from penetrating the kidney. | fibrous capsule, dense irregular |
| The __ __ is also called the perirenal fat or adipose capsule. It's external to the fibrous capsule and contains __ c.t. It provides cushioning and support for the kidney. | perinephric fat, adipose |
| The __ __ is external to the perinephric fat and is composed of __ __ c.t. It anchors the kidney to surrounding structures. | renal fascia, dense irregular |
| The __ __ is the outermost layer surrounding the kidney and is also known as the pararenal fat or the paranephric body. It is composed of __ c.t. and provides cushioning and support for the kidney. | paranephric fat, adipose |
| When a kidney is sectioned along a coronal plane, the parenchyma or "functioning tissue" is visible. The two distinct regions of the parenchyma include an outer renal __ and an inner renal __. | cortex, medulla |
| Extensions of the cortex called renal columns project into the medulla and subdivide into renal __ (medullary pyramids) that appear striated or striped. An adult kidney typically contains 8-15 of these. | pyramids |
| The wide base of a renal pyramid lies at the external edge of the medulla, where it meets the cortex: this is called the corticomedullary __ or corticomedullary border. The medially directed apex (or tip) of the renal pyramid is called the renal __. | junction, papilla |
| The parenchyma of a human kidney can be divided into 8-15 renal __. Each consists of a renal pyramid, portions of renal columns adjacent to either side of the renal pyramid, and the renal cortex external to the pyramid base. | lobes |
| Each kidney contains a medially located space called the renal __. This space serves as the urine drainage area. It is organized into minor calyces, major calyces, and a renal pelvis. | sinus |
| Each of he 8-15 funnel-shaped __ calyces is associated with a renal pyramid. Several __ calyces merge to form a larger __ __. Each kidney typically contins two or three of these. | minor, minor, major calyx |
| The major calyces merge to form a large, funnel-shaped renal __. This merges at the medial edge of the kidney with the ureter. Housed w/in this space are the renal arteries, renal veins, lymph vessels, nerves, and a variable amount of fat. | pelvis |
| The __ is the microscopic, functional filtration unit of the kidney. Each consists of two major structures: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. All of corpuscle and most of tubules reside in the cortex (nephron loop extends into the medulla). | nephron |
| The __ __ is an enlarged, bulbous region of a nephron housed within the renal cortex. It's composed of two structures: the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule. | renal corpuscle |
| The __ is a thick tangle of capillary loops called the glomerular capillaries. Blood enters this by an __ arteriole and exits by an __ arteriole. | glomerulus, afferent, efferent |
| The __ __ (Bowman's capsule) is formed by two layers: an internal permeable __ __ that directly overlies the glomerular capillaries and an external impermeable __ __ composed of simple squamous epithelium. | glomerular capsule, visceral layer, parietal layer |
| In the kidney, in the glomerular capsule: Between the visceral and parietal layer is a __ __ that receives the filtrate, which is then modified to form urine. | capsular space |
| the renal corpuscle has two opposing poles: a __ pole, where afferent and efferent arterioles attach to the glomerulus, and a __ pole, where the renal tubule originates. | vascular, tubular |
| The renal __ makes up the remaining part of a nephron and consists of three continuous parts: the proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, and the distal convoluted tubule. | tubule |
| In a nephron, the convoluted tubules reside in the __, while the nephron loop typically extends from the __ to the __. | cortex, cortex, medulla |
| The __ __ __ (PCT) is 1st region of the renal tubule. Originates at tubular pole of the renal corpuscle and is composed of a __ __ epithelium, with tall, apical microvilli that increase its surface area and thus its reabsorption capacity. Looks fuzzy. | proximal convoluted tubule, simple cuboidal |
| The __ __ (loop of Henle) originates at a sharp bend in the proximal convoluted tubule. Each of these have two limbs: a descending limb and an ascending limb that connect at a "hairpin turn" within the medulla. | nephron loop |
| The __ limb extends medially from the proximal convoluted tubule to the tip of the nephron loop. The __ limb of the nephron loop returns to the renal cortex and terminates at the distal convoluted tubule. | descending, ascending |
| Portions of the descending/ascending limbs are either thin or thick according to their lining epithelia. The __ segments of each limb are lined by simple squamous epithelium and __ segments have simple cuboidal epithelium lining. | thin, thick |
| The __ __ __ (DCT) originates in the renal cortex at the end of the nephron loop's thick ascending limb and extends to a collecting tubule. It is lined with __ __ epithelium. | distal convoluted tubule, simple cuboidal |
| The epithelial lining cells of the DCT are smaller and have only sparse, short, apical microvilli. Lumen appears __ under microscope. | clear |
| __: water and solutes in blood move OUT of glomerulus into capsualr space of renal capsule; filtrate. | filtration |
| __ __: active transport of solutes OUT of bloodstream and back INTO the tubule (tubular fluid). | tubular secretion |
| __ __: substances in filtrate move out of tubules/loop and re-enter the bloodstream. | tubular reabsorption |
| Urine is __% water and __% waste products. | 96, 4 |
| The average daily urine volume is normally __-__ liters. A minimum of about __ liters of urine per day is required to eliminate the wastes from the body. If urine production drops below __ liters, waste will accumulate in the blood. | 1-2, .5, .4 |
| The bladder can hold up to __ ml of urine (about __ oz). Up to __ ml is a desire to go to the bathroom; __ ml there's discomfort; and __ ml there's disaster. | 600 ml(20 oz), 200 ml, 400 ml, 600 ml |
| Glomerular filtration rate: __ liters/day (>__ gallons/day). Urine production: __-__ liters/day (less than __ gallon(s)/day. | 180 liters (>40 gallons), 1-3 liters (less than 1 gallon) |
| The __ are long, endothelial-line fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. | ureters |
| The __ originate from the renal pelvis as it exits the hilum of the kidney and then extend inferiorly to enter the posterolateral wall of the base of the urinary bladder. | ureters |
| The wall of the ureter is composed of three concentric tunics: __, __, and __. | mucosa, muscularis, adventitia |
| The mucosa of the ureter is formed by a __ epithelium. | transitional |
| __ waves move urine. | peristaltic |
| The ureters and urinary bladder are made of __ muscle. The urethra has __ muscle and __ muscle. | smooth, smooth and skeletal |
| The __ __ is an expandable, muscular container that serves as a reservoir for urine. | urinary bladder |
| In the urinary bladder, the muscularis is formed by three layers of smooth muscle, called the __ muscle. | detrusor |
| The __ is an epithelial-lined fibromuscular tube that exits the urinary bladder through the urethral opening from its anteriorinferior surface and conducts urine to the exterior of the body. | urethra |
| The urethra __ restrict the release of urine until the pressure within the urinary bladder is high enough and both involuntary and voluntary activities are activated to release the urine. | sphincters |
| The __ urethral sphincter is the involuntary, superior sphincter (proximal end). It's composed of __ muscle and controlled by the __ __ __. | internal, smooth, autonomic nervous system |
| The __ urethral sphincter is inferior to the internal sphincter (distal end). It is formed by __ muscle fibers of the urogenital diaphragm. It is voluntary and controlled by the __ __ __. "Toilet-training." | external, skeletal, somatic nervous system |
| The expulsion of urine from the bladder is called __ (urination or voiding). | micturition |
Created by:
khinson