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Anatomy Ch. 26.1
Ch. 26.1 Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The __ __ glands are the largest salivary glands. Each gland is located anterior and inferior to the ear, partially overlying the masseter muscle. Produces __-__% of saliva, which is conducted through the parotid duct to the oral cavity. | parotid salivary, 25-30% |
| The parotid salivary glands produce only __ secretions, whereas the submandibular and sublingual glands produce both __ and __ secretions. | serous, mucous and serous |
| __ cells secrete mucin, which forms mucus upon hydration, while __ cells secrete a watery fluid containing electrolytes and salivary amylase. | mucous, serous |
| The __ __ glands are both inferior to the floor of oral cavity and medial to the body of mandible. Produces most of the saliva (__-__%). A submandibular duct opens from each gland through a papilla in floor of OC on lateral sides of the lingual frenulum. | submandibular salivary, 60-70% |
| The __ __ glands are inferior to tongue, medial and anterior to submandibular salivary glands, and internal to the oral cavity mucosa. Mult. tiny ducts open onto inferior surface of OC, posterior to submandibular duct papilla. Produces __-__% of saliva. | sublingual salivary, 3-5% |
| The teeth are collectively known as the __. They are responsible for __. | dentition, mastication |
| In an infant, __ deciduous teeth also called milk teeth, erupt between 6 months and 30 months after birth. These teeth are eventually lost and replaced by __ permanent teeth. | 20, 32 |
| The most anteriorly placed permanent teeth are called __. They're shaped like a chisel and have a single root. They're designed for __ or __ into food. Number: __. | incisors, slicing or cutting, 8 |
| Immediately posterolateral to the incisors are the __ (__) that have a pointed tip for __ and __ food. Number: __. | canines (cuspids), puncturing and tearing, 4 |
| __ are located posterolateral to the canines and anterior to the molars. they have flat crowns with prominent ridges called cusps that are used to __ and __ ingested materials. May have one or two roots. Number: __. | premolars, crush and grind, 8 |
| The __ are the thickest and most posteriorly placed teeth. They have large, broad, flat crowns with distinctive cusps, and three or more roots. These are adapted for __ and __ ingested materials. Number: __. | molars, grinding and crushing, 12 |
| The GI tract from the esophagus through the large intestine is a hollow tube composed of four concentric layers called __. | tunics |
| The __ is the inner-lining mucous membrane. It consists of an epithelium, an underlying lamina propria, and a thin layer of muscularis mucosae. | mucosa |
| The epithelium in the mucosa is in contact w/the contents w/in the lumen. It is a __ __ epithelium for most of GI tract (stomach, small intestine, large intestine). This allows for secretion/absorption. The esophagus is lined by __ __ __ epithelium. | simple columnar, nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
| The underlying lamina propria in the mucosa is composed of __ c.t. that contains small blood vessels and nerves. | areolar |
| Muscularis mucosa in mucosa is a thin layer of __ muscle deep to lamina propria. Contractions of this layer of muscle cause movements which facilitate release of secretions from mucosa into lumen and it increases contact of materials in lumen w/mucosa. | smooth |
| The submucosa is composed of __ and __ __ c.t. Many large blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves are w/in he submucosa. | areolar and dense irregular |
| Fine branches of the nerves extend into the mucosa and along with their associated ganglia are collectively referred to as the __ __ __ or Meissner plexus. These nerves innervate both the smooth muscle and glands of the mucosa and submucosa. | submucosal nerve plexus |
| The areolar c.t. of both lamina propria of mucosa and submucosa house mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT). In ileum, lg aggregates of lymphatic nodules in submucosa are called __ __. | Peyer patches |
| The presences of __ in the submucosa helps prevent ingested microbes from crossing the GI tract wall and entering the body. | MALT |
| The muscularis usually contains two layers of __ muscle (stomach has 3 layers). | smooth |
| In the muscularis, the smooth muscle cells of the inner layer are oriented circumferentially around the GI tract and are called the __ __ __. Circular ring __ lumen. | inner circular layer, constricts |
| In muscularis, the inner circular muscle layer is greatly thickened at several location along the GI tract to form a __. This closes off lumen at some point along GI tract, so it can control the movement of materials into next section of the GI tract. | sphincter |
| __ is the alternating contraction sequence of both the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers for the purpose of propelling ingested materials through the GI tract. | peristalsis |
| __ is the "back-and-forward," or kneading, motion that occurs at any point in time within different regions but lacks directional movement. This is for the purpose of blending ingested materials with the secretions within the GI tract. | mixing |
| In the muscularis, the cells of the outer layer are oriented lengthwise along the GI tract are are called the __ ___ __. Longitudinal ring to __ tube. | outer longitudinal layer, shorten |
| The outermost tunic of the GI tract wall may either be __ or __. | adventitia or serosa |
| In adventitia/serosa: __ is composed of areolar c.t. w/dispersed collagen and elastic fibers and found outside the peritoneal cavity. __ has same composition as above but is completely covered by a visceral peritoneum and is found w/in peritoneal cavity. | adventitia, serosa |
| The __ is a normally collapsed, tubular passageway (skeletal and smooth muscle). It is lined with __ __ __ epithelium. | esophagus, nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
| The _ _ _ (pharyngoesophageal sphincter) is a contracted ring of circular skeletal muscle at superior end of esophagus. Area where esophagus and pharynx meet. It's closed during inhalation of air so air doesn't enter esophagus but enters larynx/trachea. | superior esophageal sphincter |
| _ _ _ (esophageal gastric or cardiac sphincter) is a contracted ring of circular smooth m. at inferior end of esophagus. Weak: Muscles of diaphragm at esophageal opening contract to help prevent materials from regurgitating from stomach into esophagus. | inferior esophageal sphincter |
| __ (formed mass of food traveling down esophagus) changes to __ (thick soup) in stomach. | bolus, chyme |
| The __ is a J-shaped muscular organ in the left upper quandrant where mechanical and chemical digestion continues on the bolus. Chemical digestion of protein and fat begin here. | stomach |
| Between __ and __ liters of food, drink, and saliva enter the stomach daily. Ingested nutrients generally spend between __ and __ hours in the stomach. | 3 and 4, 2 and 6 |
| The stomach is composed of four regions: | cardia, fundus, body, pylorus |
| The __ is a small, narrow, superior entryway into the stomach lumen from the esophagus. The internal opening where this meets the esophagus is called the __ __. | cardia, cardiac orifice |
| The __ is the dome-shaped region lateral and superior to the esophageal connection with the stomach. Its superior surface contacts the diaphragm. | fundus |
| The __ is the largest region of the stomach; it is inferior to the cardiac orifice and the fundus and extends to the pylorus. | body |
| The __ is a narrow, medially directed, funnel-shaped pouch that forms the terminal region of the stomach. | pylorus |
| Pylorus: Its opening into duodenum of the small intestine is called the __ __. Surrounding this pyloric orifice is a thick ring of circular smooth muscle called the __ __. This regulates the entry of material into the small intestine. Under ANS control. | pyloric orifice, pyloric sphincter |
| The internal stomach lining is composed of numerous __ __ or rugae. They are only seen when the stomach is empty. They allow the stomach to expand greatly when it fills with food and drink and then return to its normal J-shape when it empties. | gastric folds |
| In the stomach: __ cells: HCl (break down proteins). __ cells: pepsinogen (chemically digest proteins; most numerous secretory cells witin the gastric glands). | parietal, chief |
| The __ __ is a long tube that is inferior to the stomach and located medially in the abdominal cavity. About __-__ liters of ingested food, water, and digestive system secretions enter this daily. Ingested nutrients spend at least __ hours here. | small intestine, 9-10 liters, 12 hours |
| The __ __ finishes the chemical digestioin process and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients and a large percentage of water and electrolytes. | small intestine |
| The small intestine is also called the __ __. It is a coiled, thin-walled tube about __ feet in length in cadaver. It extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the cecum of the large intestine. | small bowel, 20 ft |
Created by:
khinson