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anatomy-final
nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nervous system | A complex hierarchical structure; Composed of around 100 billion neurons |
| Each neuron in the nervous system communicates directly with ____ other neurons | 2,000 |
| parts of the central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord |
| parts of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, subcortical structures, and brain stem |
| parts of the peripheral nervous system | 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and sensory receptors |
| the ____ nervous system controls involuntary activities of viscera | autonomic |
| systems of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
| the ___ nervous system controls voluntary bodily function | somatic |
| the most highly evolved structure of the body | the cerebrum |
| the cerebrum contains billions of ____ | neurons |
| the ____ is divided into right and left hemispheres | cerebrum |
| the ____ controls voluntary movement, sensory awareness, and cognitive cortex | cerebrum |
| meningeal linings of cerebrum include | dura, pia, and arachnoid mater |
| meningeal linings of the cerebrum support the ____ | brain |
| meningeal linings of ____ ____ protect from shocks due to movement trauma | spinal cord |
| frontal lobe | largest lobe that controls most voluntary activation |
| the frontal lobe includes: | broca's area |
| broca's area | speech motor area |
| temporal lobe | superior, middle and inferior gyri |
| primary auditory in temporal lobe | receptive language comprehension (Wernicke's area) and Heshel's gyri or primary auditory cortex |
| occipital lobe | responsible for receiving visual stimulation |
| parietal lobe | region of somatic sensory reception and receives senses that reach consciousness |
| basal ganglia | an important subcortical area; very important in controlling motor function |
| ___ is produced in the ventricles by the choroid plexus | CSF |
| CSF protects the ___ | brain |
| CSF transports ______ though out the brain | hormones |
| the ___ consists of the cerebral peduncles, corpora quadrigemina, and the cerebral aqueduct | midbrain |
| mesencephalon | midbrain |
| a ventrolateral portion of the midbrain | cerebral peduncles |
| a dorsal portion of the midbrain | corpora quadrigemina |
| an intervening passage or tunnel of the midbrain | cerebral aqueduct |
| midbrain with the pons and medulla form ____ | brainstem |
| the ____ consists of transverse fibers arched like a bridge across the middle line, and gathered on either side into a compact mass which forms the middle peduncle | pons |
| pons forms the roof of the ___ ____ | 4th ventricle |
| the ____ ____ extends from the lower margin of the pons to the level above the first pair of cervical nerves | medulla oblongata |
| the medulla oblongata is ____ in shape | pyramidal |
| 3 cm in length; 2 cm in width, and 1.25 cm in thickness | medulla oblongata |
| the ____ of the medulla oblongata lies between the anterior median fissure and the antero-lateral sulcus | pyramid |
| the ____ ___ is formed by the two pyramids contain the motor fibers, which pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord, corticobullar and corticospinal fibers | pyramidal decussation |
| the ____ of the medulla oblongata contains sensory fibers | olive |
| the sensory fibers in the olive part of the medulla oblongata cross to the opposite side forming the ___ ____ | sensory decussation |
| roots of the accessory, vagus, and glossophayngeal nerves of the medulla oblongata are between the ___ and ____ | olive and pyramid |
| the _____ constitutes the largest part of the hindbrain | cerebellum |
| the cerebellum lies behind the ____ and ____ | pons and medula oblongata |
| the cerebellum is ____ in shape and consists of ___ parts | oval; 3 |
| the ____ is connected to the cerebrum, pons, and medulla oblongata | cerebellum |
| the cerebellum is the main brain region that functions in regulating ____ and ____ | posture and balance |
| the cerebellum may also have non motor functions such as _____ and ____ ____ | cognition and language processing |
| information lifeline to and from periphery of the body | spinal cord |
| contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves | spinal cord |
| cell bodies located within dorsal root ganglia | sensory nerves |
| one of the largest CNS tract and the longest one | corticospinal |
| the ____ pathway is involved in controlling the posture and locomotion, it is mainly under the control of brainstem | ventromedial |
| the brain has about _____ neurons | 100 billion |
| functional building block for nervous system | neurons |
| parts of the neuron | soma or cell body, dendrite, and axon |
| transmits information toward soma | dendrite |
| transmits information away from soma | axon |
| the ____ ____ has two major neuronal cell types | cerebral cortex |
| according to the type, density, and arrangement of cells, the cortex consists of ___ layers | 6 |
| cortical areas 17,18 and 19 are for ___ ____ | visual sensation |
| area 41 in Heschl's Gyrus | primary auditory cortex |
| area 42 (temporal love) | auditory associated area |
| area 43 | gustatory sensation (taste) |
| area 22 | Wernicke's area |
| area 44 and 45 | Broca's area |
| area 37 | general sensory association cortex |
| area 39 | word recognition |
| area 4 | primary motor cortex |
| area 6, 8, and 9 | motor association cortex |
| the motor control systems involved in speech production include: | motor cortex, upper motor neurons, and lower motor neurons |
| area 6 | premotor area |
| ____ nerves are very important to speech-language therapists | cranial |
| golgi type I | projection neurons; pyramidal neurons |
| golgi type II | smaller cells, stellate cells, horizontal cells of canal (interneurons) |
| Olfactory I | mediates sense of smell |
| Optic II | communicates visual information to brain |
| Oculomotor III | innervate muscles of the eyes |
| Trochlear IV | innervate muscles of the eyes |
| Trigeminal V | Innervates muscles of mastication |
| Abducent VI | turns eye laterally, in pons. |
| Facial VII | controls most facial expressions, secretion of tears & saliva, in Pons |
| Auditory (vestibulocochlear) VIII | mediates auditory and vestibular sensation |
| Glossopharyngeal IX | serves fast of posterior taste receptors |
| Spinal Accessory XI | innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles |
| Hypoglossal XII | controls tongue movement |
| Vagus X | important for somatic and autonomic function |
| vertical anatomy | spinal cord viewed in it's length |
| transverse anatomy | spinal cord viewed in cross-section |
| Cell bodies located within dorsal root ganglia | sensory nerves |
| Located within gray matter of spinal cord | motorr neuron bodies of spinal cord |
| Simplest motor function Provides an efferent response to basic changes in the length of muscles | spinal reflex arc |
| transmit data from brain to spinal nerves | efferent tracts |
| transmit data about limbs and trunk to higher brain centers | afferent tracts |
| masses of gray matter located within the white matter | basal ganglia |
| composed of neuronal cell bodies | basal ganglia |
| Functions: facilitation of willed movement and control of voluntary movements. | basal ganglia |
| the grey matter overlay on the brain surface | cerebral cortex |
| cerebral cortex has ___ major neuronal cell types | 2 |
| the cortex consists of ___ layers | 6 |
| largest, triangular in shape, have spines that come off projections; the number of the spines increase with learning | pyramidal neurons |
| cigar shaped | fusiform |
| similar to fusiform cells, found in the lower level of the cortex, fewer in number. | cells of marinoti |
| most prominent, found in the granular layers. | stellate cells |
| more on the surface of the cortex, project horizontally to the surface. | horizontal cells of cajal |
| It contains mainly fibers (dendritic and axonal arborizations) and very few cells (cells of Cajal). | molecular (plexiform layer) |
| It consists mainly of Stellate cells, and a few pyramidal cells. | external granular layer |
| It primarily contains pyramidal cells, some stellate cells, and receives association and commissural connections. | external pyramidal layer |
| Cranial nerve I | olfactory nerve |
| cranial nerve II | optic nerve |
| cranial nerve III | oculomotor |
| cranial nerve IV | trochlear |
| cranial nerve VI | abudcent |
| cranial nerve V | tigeminal |
| cranial nerve VII | facial |
| cranial nerve VII | vestibulocochlear |
| cranial nerve IX | glossopharyngeal |
| cranial nerve X | vagus |
| cranial nerve XI | accessory |
| cranial nerve XII | hypoglossal |
Created by:
jjohns53