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CH 14 BIO AP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an observable heritable feature | character |
| any detectable variation in a genetic character | trait |
| referring to plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate | true-breeding |
| in genetics, the mating, or crossing of two true-breeding varieties | hybridization |
| the parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stand for "parental" | P generation |
| the first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a series of genetic crosses | F1 generation |
| offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation | F2 generation |
| an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote | dominant allele |
| an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote | recessive allele |
| Mendel's first law, stating that each allele in a pair separates into a different gamete during gamete formation | law of segregation |
| a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization in genetic crosses | Punnett square |
| having two identical alleles for a given gene | homozygous |
| having two different alleles for a given gene | heterozygous |
| the physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup | phenotype |
| the genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism | genotype |
| an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monhybrids. | monohybrids |
| breeding of an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring determines the unknown genotype. | testcross |
| an organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. | dihybrids |
| Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes | law of independent assortment |
| the situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable. | complete dominance |
| the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote. | codominance |
| the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele. | incomplete dominance |
| human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth. | Tay-Sachs disease |
| the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. | pleiotrophy |
| a type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited. | epistasis |
| a heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion. | quantitative characters |
| an additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character. | polygenic inheritance |
| the range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences. | norm of reaction |
| a diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations. | pedigree |
| an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus, w/ one normal allele & one potentially harmful recessive allele. The heterozygote is phenotypically normal for the character determined by the gene but can pass on the harmful allele to offspring | carriers |
| a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated. | cystic fibrosis |
| a human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that results in the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; characterized by deformed red blood cells that can lead to numerous symptoms. | sickle-cell disease |
| a form of dwarfism that is caused by a dominant allele. | achondroplasia |
| a human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms. | Huntington's disease |
| a technique of prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus, is analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus. | amniocentesis |
| a technique of prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed and analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus. | chorionic villus sampling (CVS) |
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