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Civilizations in Mes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| early civilizations formed in valleys of major river systems: | Tigris & Euphrates, Nile, Indus, & Huang He |
| People used river water for: | drinking, cooking, bathing & fishing |
| Land in river valleys was good for: | farming & raising livestock |
| One of the earliest civilizations in an area between Tigris & Euphrates Rivers, called ______. | Mesopotamia |
| Mesopotamia means: | land between the rivers |
| Fertile crescent included present day countries of ___, ____, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel. | Iraq, Iran |
| Both rivers being in ___ ____ in Turkey and flow into ____ ___. | Taurus Mountains, Persian Gulf |
| Euphrates is a ____, winding river of _____ miles. | slow, 1720 |
| Tigris River moves ___ along its ____-mile course, and has many ___. | rapidly, 1250, tributaries |
| N. Mesopotamia is a high, flat ___. | plateau |
| S. Mesopotamia is an ____ ____ formed from ____ from rivers. | alluvial plain, silt |
| Hot, dry climate made farming a _____; unreliable rainfall. | challenge |
| Farmers in S. Mesopotamia irrigated land: dug ____ to carry water from rivers to land, stored water in ____. | canals, basins |
| To protect land from floods, they built ____ and ____. | dikes, dams |
| Access to water from Tigris and Euphrates Rivers led to _____ settlements in S. Mesopotamia. | permanent |
| Ubaid 1st known settlement in S. Mesopotamia, formed in c._____. | 5000 B.C. |
| Ubaid culture was based on _____ farming. | subsistence |
| Culture grew more advanced over time: built irrigation systems and produced _____, built ____ homes and temples, had ____, created painted pottery and _____. | surpluses, larger, leaders, traded |
| By _____ B.C., some farming villages in S. Mesopotamia had grown into the cities of Eridu, Uruk, Kish, and Ur. | 3500 |
| The worlds first _____-____ (a city and the farmlands around it) developed in Sumer in S. Mesopotamia. | city-state |
| Each city-state had _____ governments, population of _____, and Ur, Kish, Uruk, and Eridu. | independent, 5000 |
| City states shared a common culture: _____ religious practices, spoke _____ language, developed a writing system. | similar, Sumerian |
| Sumerian city-states' need for strong leaders led to development of ___(governing system ruled by king or queen):always a ___, upon his death, leadership passed to his __, king had complete ___over religion, economy & everyday life and _ ranked after king | monarchy, king, son, authority, priests |
| Religion was important to the Sumerians: practiced ____ ( belief in many gods) and built ____ to worship gods. | polytheism, temples |
| Cities in Sumer had economies based on surpluses: surpluses let people work outside of ___ as craft-workers, metalworkers,& builders, was able to trade for needed resources | farming |
| Sumerians traded goods over great distances using ____(a group of traders traveling on a long journey) | caravan |
| Traded using ____, ______, by ____ B.C., trade extended from Egypt to Indus Valley, recorded trade on ___ ___ and ____ ____. | donkeys, sailboats, 2300, clay tokens, clay tablets |
| THe city of Ur was close to ____ ____, until river changed course: today, ___ miles from river,desert-land | Euphrates River, 12 |
| 1920's _____ _____, British archaeologist found: remains of Ubaid village, royal cemetary of Ur,(_____ B.C.)Tombs, temple to moon god Nanna, architecture | Leonard Wooley, 2500 |
| building style | architecture |
| Sumerians are remember for their innovations: irrigation, ____-tipped plows 2500 B.C., funnels for _____, ____ planting, written ____ | bronze, seeding, shade, almanac |
| new ways of doing things | innovations |
| writings that include information that describes the best way to plant, irrigate land, and care for crops | almanac |
| ____ used to measure land area; 37600 sq. ft. (simialr to acre of 43,560) and ___- to measure harvest and trade | iku, quart |
| Sumerians used number system based on the number __(hours, minutes, seconds came from this system) | 60 |
| Sumerians measured time using a calendar of ___ days. | 360 |
| Sumerians lived in __-brick houses with flat roofs and thick walls. | mud |
| Ziggurat served as center of religious and economic activity: constructed in layers (7 stories), shrine for city's ___ at top, shops, workshops, parks near ziggurat | god |
| Sumerians were first to attach wheels to carts. (___B.C.) | 3500 |
| Traders led caravans of ___ across established trade routes. | donkeys |
| Sumerians traveled in ___ and canoe-shaped boats. | sailboats |
| Sumerians mad first known ____ records. | written |
| Sumerians developed a writing system based on ____: clay tablet found at Uruk, ___ symbols which stood for syllables, scribes, recorded boundary lines, wars, lists of kings, gifts, trade | cuneiform, 700 |
| a writing system based on wedge shaped symbols | cuneiform |
| a person who records things for others | scribes |
| Writing helped make developments in ___, economy, and society possible. | government |
| Sumerian cities were centers for ___, government, & ___. | trade, religion |
| Most Sumerians lived and worked in cities: lived in different areas depending on work they did, craft-workers lived above or behind shops, passed skills from ____ to ___ | generation |
| ruler's palace and important people's homes were built near the ___. | ziggurat |
| Sumerian laws gave rights that could be taken away in wartime: officials claimed land, cattle, boats; people payed ____ | taxes |
| Urukagina, ruler of ___ created laws to protect the poor. | Lagash |
| Ur-Nammu, ruler of ___, carved seven laws into stone: written as "if-then" statements (law and punishment), oldest known record of ancient laws 2000s B.C. | Ur |
| Different tasks were done by government officials, scribes, craft workers, and merchants: scribes became very important, craft workers made jewelery, carpenters, stonemasons, bricklayers bought & sold __ | goods |
| Sumerians worshipped the forces of nature as gods or _(one exalted or revered as supremely good, or powerful): offred gifts of animals, fruit, & grain to deities, believed in 1000s of gods, Enlil, god of air, & Enki, god of H20 &wisdom were most important | deities |
| sumerian society was divided into social classes: highest- _& his family, nobles, priests & military leaders, middle-merchants, scribes, craftworkers, &farmers, lowest-__ | king, slaves |
| 2350BC Sargon _(2 take over) Sumerian city-states:created world's1st empire-Akkadian Empire; set up capital at Akkad in central Mes.;ruled as emperor for 55 years,used force & organized government to control empire,kept standing army,governors got tribute | conquered |
| vast lands and varied people under control of a single government | empire |
| ruler of an empire | emperor |
| permanent army | standing army |
| required payment from one ruler to a more powerful ruler | tribute |
| Akkadian empire lasted ___ years after Sargon's death. It stretched from ___ to the Mediterranean Sea. | 200, Iran |
| 1790-1950B.C., Hammurabi, king of __ ruled Babylonian Empire which included most of Mesop.:encouraged trade & oversaw agriculture, irrigation, & building projects, reformed tax system | Babylon |
| Hammurabi compkied a set of laws known as Code of Hammurabi: ___ laws, carved into a stone marker or stela, covered family relationships, taxes, land, & business deals, trade, loans, depts, wages, &crime, idea of equal justice-"eye for an eye" justice | 282 |
| collection of laws that Hammurabi organized for people of Babylon to follow | Code of Hammurabi |
| After the fall of the Babylonian empire, different groups invaded & ruled Mesopotamia: ___,___,___. | Hittites, Kassites, Assyrians |
| ___'s B.C., Hittites, armed with war chariots and iron weapons captured Babylon | 1600 |
| Kassites conquered Babylon: ruled for more than ___ years, adopted Babylonian laws, religion & literature. | 500 |
| Assyrians conquered Mesop.,creating_empire:learned to make& use iron weapons&chariots from Hittites, used battering ram to break down protective walls, used lance-spear,700's B.C., empire stretched 1500 mi; included Mesopotamia,Turkey,Egypt,PersianGulf | largest |
| Assyrians were great innovators: first paved ___, first ___ system, locks that opened with ___, magnifying glass, first ___. | roads, postal, keys, libraries |
| ___ B.C., Assyrian Empire fell; New Babylonian Empire rose. | 609 |
| Nebuchadnezzar, Babylonian ruler, built ___ ___ of Babylon- one of the Seven wonders of the Ancient World | Hanging Gardens |
Created by:
stephaniedo