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Biology
Stack #109856
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All fungi share what characteristics? | heterotrophic |
| Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? | flagellated spores |
| Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? | zygosporangia |
| Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a mycosis? | Candida albicans, which causes vaginal yeast infections |
| The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to? | an extensive surface area well suited for absorptive nutrition |
| Sporangia on upright hyphae that produce asexual spores are characteristic of? | zygomycetes |
| Basidiomycetes differ from other fungi in that they? | have long-lived dikaryotic mycelia |
| Which of the following is the best description of mold? | the fast-growing mycelia of any asexyally reproducing fungus |
| The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often a(n)? | green alga |
| The closest relatives of fungi are probably? | animals |
| Among the characteristics unique to animals is? | gastrulation |
| Which of the following was the least likely factor causing the Cambrian explosion? | the movement of animals onto land |
| Bilateral symmetry in the animal kingdom is best correlated with? | motility and active predation and escape |
| Acoelomates are characterized by? | a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs |
| A direct cosequence of indeterminate cleavage is? | the ability of cells isolated from the early embryo to develop into viable individuals |
| The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of? | true tissues |
| Which of these is a point of conflict between the phylogenetic analyses presented in fig. 32.10 and 32.11? | the existence of the bilaterian clades Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa |
| What is the main basis for placing the arthropods and nematodes in the Ecdysozoa in one hypothesis of animal phylogeny? | Analysis of genes shows that their sequences are quite similar, and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans and deuterostomes |
| Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? | Porifera--coelomates, mouth forms from blastopore |
| Which of the following subdividions of the animal kingdom encompasses all the others in the list? | Eumetazoa |
| Which two main clades branch from the earliest Eumetazoan ancester? | Cnidaria and Bilateria |
| Water movement through a sponge would follow what path? | porocyte to spongocoel to osculum |
| Although a diverse froup, all cnidarians are characterized by? | a gastrovascular cavity |
| A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share? | a mantle |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of most members of the phylum Annelida? | pseudocoelom |
| Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? | Arthropoda |
| Which of the following is not ture of the cheliceriforms? | They have antennae |
| Which of the following characteristics is probably most responsible for the incredible diversification of insects on land? | flight |
| The water vascular system of echinoderms? | functions in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange |
| Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? | Porifera--gastrovasculare cavity, coelom present |
| Vertebrates and tunicates share? | a notochord and dorsal, hollow nerve cord |
| Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent? | early craniates |
| Chondrichthyans can be distinguished from osteichthyans by the? | absence in chondrichthyans of a swim bladder and lungs |
| Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods? | a sturdy-finned, shallow-water love-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates |
| Mammals and living birds share all of the following characterstics except? | a hole behind the eye socket on each side of the skull |
| Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials? | have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus |
| Which of the following characteristics of monkeys is specific to New World monkeys? | use of the tail to hang from a tree limb |
| Which clade does not include humans? | diapsids |
| As humans diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first? | a partially erect stance |
| Studies on DNA indicate which of the following? | Homo sapiens originated in Africa |
| Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energym organisms, and materials between ecosystems? | landscape ecology |
| Which statement about dispersal is false? | dispersal occurs only on an evolutary time scale |
| Imagine some cosmic catastrophe that jolts Earth so that it is no longer tilted. Instead, its axis is perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the sun. The most predictable effect of this change would be? | a loss of seasonal variation at northern and southern latitudes |
| When climbing a mountain, we can ovserve transition in biological communities that are analogous to the changes? | in biomes at different latitudes |
| The oceans affect the biosphere in all of the following ways except? | regulating the pH of freshwater viomes and terrestrial groundwater |
| Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake? | aphotic zone |
| Which of the following is true with respect to oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes? | Eutrophic lakes are richer in nutrients |
| Which of the following is chracteristic of most terrestrial biomes? | vegetation demonstrating stratification |
| Which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate? | tropical forests---nearly constant day length and temperature |
| Suppose that the number of bird species is determined mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species? | tropical rain forest |
| The bodies of these fungi typically form a network of tiny filaments called? | hyphae |
| Fungi are not __ and are more closely related to ___? | Plants and animals |
| Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called? | mycelium |
| In most funni, the hyphae are divided into cells by crosswalls called? | Septa or septum |
| Unlike animals, they excrete enzymes (exoenzymes) and digest organic matter outside which is then absorbed into the cells? | fungi |
| Asexual reproduction happens primarily with? | molds and yeasts |
| Molds and yeasts that have no known sexual stage of reproduction are called? | Imperfect Fungi |
| Fungi and animals are more closely related that are fungi and? | plants |
| Both fungi and animals probably descended from a? | flagellated, unicellular protist |
| Present in lakes and soils. Have flagellated spores called zoospores (live in water, so that makes sense). Some are saprobes (decomposers) and others are parasites. | Chytrids |
| Includes species of molds, symbionts and parasites. Common example is the bread mold. Group is named for the sexually-produced body structure (zygosporangium) that is resistant to environmental stresses. | Zygomycetes |
| Includes unique endomycorrhizal fungi called arbuscular mycorrhizae. These are the primary plant symbionts. | Glomeromycetes |
| Widespread group that produced spores in bodies called asci (ascus) that are formed in fruiting bodies called ascocarps. | Ascomycetes |
| Includes the mushrooms and shelf fungi. Phylum is named for the club like structure called a basidium. The basidium produces basidiospores that are dispersed by the wind. The basidiocarp contains basidia that will produce sexual spores called basidiospore | Basidiomycetes |
| Lack true tissues, have choanocytes (collar cells--unique flagellated cells that ingest bacteria and tiny good particles) | Porigeria [sponges] |
| Unique stinging structures (cnidae), each housed in a specialized cell (cnidocute); gastrovascular cavity (digestive compartment with a single opening) | Cnidaria (hydras, hellies, sea anemones, corals) |
| Dorsoventrally flattened, unsegmented acoelomates; gastrovascular cavity or no digestive tract | Platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
| Pseydocoelomates with alimentary canal (digestive tube with mouth and anus); jaws in pharynx, head with ciliated crown | Rotifera (rotifers) |
| Coelomates with lophophores (feeding structures bearing ciliated tentacles) | Lophophorates: Ectoprocta, Phoronida, Brachiopoda |
| Unique anterior proboscis surrounded by fuild-filled sac; alimentary canal; closed circulatory system | Nemertea (proboscis worms) |
| Coelomates with three main body parts (muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle); coelom reduced; most have hard shell made of calcium carbonate | Mollusca (clams, snails, squids) |
| Coelomates with segmented body wall and internal organs (except digestive tract, which is unsegmented) | Annelida (segmented worms) |
| Cylindrical, unsegmented pseudocoelomates with tapered ends, no circulatory system | Nematoda (roundworms) |
| Coelomates with segemented body, jointed appendages, and exoskeleton made of protein and chitin | Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders) |
| Coelomates with secondary radial anatomy (larvae bilateral; adults radial); unique water vascular system; endoskeleton | Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins) |
| Coelomates with notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; muscular, post anal tail | Chordata (lanceltes, tunicates, vertebrates) |
| ____, such as a lobster (phylum Arthtopoda), has a left side and a right side. Only on imaginary cut divides the animal into mirror-image halve. | Bilateral symmetry |
| The parts of a ___, such as a sea anemone (phylum Cnidaria), radiate from the center. Any imaginary slice through the central axis divides the animal into mirror images. | Radial symmetry |
| unction as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing eggs and sperm. | hermaphrodites |
| Cnidarians have what type of symmetry? | radial symmetry |
| In Cnidarians One opening in the gastrovascular cavity serves as both? | mouth and anus |
| stinging cells used for defense and to capture prey | cnidocytes |
| Scyphozoa | jellyfish |
| Anthozoa | sea anemones and corals |
| a horseshoe shaped fold near the mouth that is surrounded by ciliated tentacles | lophophore |
| Bryozoans resemble | mosses |
| Phoronids are | marine worms |
| Brachiopods resemble | clams |
| Produce shells into which the animal retreats when threatened. Example: Snail | Gastropoda |
| Shells divided into two parts. Gills are used for feeding and gas exchange. Example: Clams, oysters | Bivalvia |
| Rapid movement; well-developed nervous systems. Example: Octopus, squid, nautilus | Cephalopoda |
| Each segment contains a pair of excretory tubes called | metanephridia |
| are hermaphrodites that cross-fertilize | Annelids |
| Trichinella obtained by eating undercooked pork; juveniles infect all body organs and tissues. | Pinworms and hookworms |
| Arthropods are the most successful of all animal phyla based on | diversity, distribution, and numbers |
| The exoskeleton, or ? , is composed of protein and chitin. | cuticle |
| Arthropods have open circulatory systems in which a heart pumps hemolymph through short arteries and into open spaces called | sinuses |
| Arachnida | spiders, mites |
| Diplopoda | millipedes |
| Chilopoda | Centipedes |
| Evolved what during Carboniferous period. Flight followed by explosion of diversity. | flight |
| Wings are extensions of the | cuticle |
| Crustacea | crabs, lobsters |
| a flexible rod located between the digestive tube and nerve chord. | notocord |
| Develops into the brain and spinal cord of the adult. | Dorsal, hollow nerve cord |
| Water enters through the mouth and passes out through the slits in the pharynx, without going through the digestive system. | Pharyngeal slits |
| Provides propulsion for swimming | Postanal tail |
| These are the most primitive vertebrates. [hagfish] | Jawless vertebrates |
| Vertebrate jaws evolved from skeletal supports of | pharyngeal slits |
| Sharks and rays have cartilaginous skeletons | Chondricthye |
| Extant classes of bony fishes | Osteichthyes |
| Tetrapods evolved from specialized fishes that inhabited | shallow water |
| The first tetrapods to spend much time on land were | anphibians |
| Amniotic eggs allowed ____ to sever the link with water and live their whole lives on land | vertebrates |
| Scales of ___ waterproof skin and prevent dehydration | keratin |
| ___ absorb external heat (i.e. sunlight) | Ectotherms |
| Testudines | Turtles |
| Sphenodontia | Tuataras |
| Squamata | Lizards, snakes |
| Crocodilia | Crocodiles, alligators |
| Birds began as | feathered reptiles |
| lay eggs and produce milk, but have no nipples ex. Platypus, echidna. | Monotremes |
| born early in embryonic development; climb to mother’s pouch and attach to a nipple. ex.Opossum, kangaroo | Marsupials |
| long pregnancy with embryonic attachment to mother in uterus via placenta. ex. human, wolf | Eutherians |
| the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. | ecology |
| are nonliving chemical and physical factors such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients. | Abiotic components |
| are living factors such as other organisms. | Biotic components |
| is about the way in which an individual interacts with its environment. | Organismal ecology |
| the study of a group of individuals of the same species. | Population ecology |
| deals with all interacting species within a particular area. | Community ecology |
Created by:
sdelacr