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Nutrition chapter 9
Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Overweight | body weight above a healthy weight; BMI 25 to 29 |
| underweight | body weight below a healthy weight; BMI below 18.5 |
| adipose tissue | the body's fat tissue. Adipose tissue performs several functions, including the synthesis and secretion of the hormone leptin, involved in appetite regulation. |
| body composition | the proportions of muscle, bone, fat and other tissues that make up a persons body weight |
| obesity | over fatness with adverse health effects, as determine by reliable measures and and interpreted with good medical judgment. Obesity is officially defined at a body mass index of 30 or more. |
| wastin | the progressive relentless loss of the body's tissues that accompanies certain diseases and shortens survival time. |
| visceral fat | fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs; also called intra-abdominal fat. |
| central obesity | excess fat in the abdomen or around the trunk |
| subcutaneous fat | fat stored directly under the skin |
| adipokines | protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells |
| body mass index (BMI) | an indicator of obesity or underweight, calculated by dividing the weight of a person by the square of the persons height |
| Basal metabolism | the sum total of all the involuntary activities that are necessary to sustain life, including circulation, respiration, temperature maintenance, hormone secretion, nerve activity, and new tissue synthesis, but excluding digestion and voluntary activites. |
| voluntary activities | intentional activities ( walking, sitting, or running) conducted by voluntary muscle |
| thermic effect of food (TEF) | the body's speeded-up metabolism in response to having eaten a meal; also called diet-enduced thermogenesis |
| basal metabolic weight (BMR) | the rate at wich the body uses energy to support its basal metabolism |
| estimated energy requirement (EER) | the DRI recommendation for energy intake, accounting for age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity. |
| skinfold test | measurement of the thickness of a fold of skin on the back of the arm ( over the triceps muscle) below the shoulder blade(subscapular), or in other places, using a caliper |
| underwater weighing | the measure of density and volume used to determine body fat and content |
| bioelectrical impendance | a technique for measuring body fatness by measuring hte bodies electrical cunductivity |
| dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry | a non-inavsive method of determining total body fat, fat distribution, and bone density by passing two low-dose x-ray beams through the body. Also used in evaluation of osteoperosis. |
| hunger | the physiological need to eat, experiences as a drive for obtaining food; an unpleasant sensation that demands relief. |
| satiation | the perception of fullness that builds through a meal, eventually reaching the degree of fullness and satisfaction that halts eating. Generally determines how much food is consumed in one meal. |
| satiety | the perception of fullness that lingers in the hours after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal time. generally determines the length of time between meals. |
| ghrelin | a hormone released by the stomach that signals the hypothalamus of the brain to stimulate eating |
| appetite | the psychological desire to eat; a learned motivation and a positive sensation that accompanies the sight, smell, or thought of appealing foods. |
| endorphins | brain compounds that reduce pain and produce pleasure in ways similar to opiate drugs. In appetite control, endorphins are released on seeing, smelling, or tasting delicious food and may enhance the drive to eat or continue eating. |
| leptin | an appetite-suppressing hormone produced in the fat cells that conveys information about body fatness to the brain; beleived to be involved in the maintenance of body composition |
| thermogensis | the generation and release of body heat associated with the breakdown of body fuels. |
| brown adipose tissue (BAT) | a type of adipose tissue abundant in hibernating animals and human infants and recently identified in human adults. Abundant pigmented enzymes of energy metabolism give BAT a dark appearance under a microscope. |
| nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) | energy expenditure associated with everyday spontaneous activities, as opposed to conciously undertaken physical activity. |
| built environment | the buildings, roads, utilities, homes, fixtures, parks, and all other man-made entities that form the physical characteristics of a community |
| food deserts | urban and rural low-income areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious foods |
| ketone bodies | acidic compounds derived from fat and certain amino acids. Normally rare in the blood, they help to feed the brain during times when too little carbohydrates is available |
| energy density | a measure of the energy provided by a food relative to its weight |
| night eating syndrom | a disturbance in the daily eating rhythm associated with obesity, charachterized by no breakfst, more than half of the daily calories after 7 pm, frequent night time awakenings to eat, and often a greater total calorie intake than others |
| extreme obesity | clinically severe overweight, presenting very high risks to health; the condition of having a MBI of 40 or above |
| botanical | pertaining to or made form plants; any drug, medicinal preparation, dietary supplement, or similar substance obtained from a plant. |
| cellulite | a term popularly used to describe dimpled fat tissue in the thighs and buttocks;not recognized in science |
| self-efficacy | a persons belief in his or her ability to succeed in an undertaking |
| lapses | periods of returning to old habits |
| weight cycling | repeated rounds of weight loss ans subsequent regain,with reduced ability to loose weight with each attempt |
| behavior modification | alteration of behavior using methods based on the theory that actions can be controlled by manipulating the environmental factors that cor trigger, the actions |
Created by:
frm1210