Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
med micro
practice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A woman breastfeeds her newborn, who obtains antibodies present in her mother's milk. This is an example of | Natural passive immunity |
| Which is found on all nucleated human cells | Class I MHC |
| Viruses and self-proteins are examples of proteins produced inside of the cell. | True |
| Bacterial and viral antigens are presented to helper T cells by | Macrophages |
| Large glycoproteins that serve as the specific receptors of B cells and as antibodies are | immunoglobulins |
| The most abundant antibody that is normally present in serum is | IgG |
| Human cells have separate genes for each antibody molecule. | False |
| A compound added to a vaccine that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site is | an adjuvant |
| CD4 cells are _____ cells and CD8 cells are _____ cells. | helper T, cytotoxic T |
| Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cloned B cell. | True |
| Staphylococcus aureus is unable to tolerate the levels of salt normally found in ocean water. | False |
| Until about 10 years ago, where were most multidrug-resistant Staph aureus infections found | Hospitals |
| Although MRSA stands for "methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus," some strains of this bacterium are resistant to multiple drugs. | True |
| Which is the enzyme found in tears and saliva that breaks down peptidoglycan | Lysozyme |
| Which is an agranulocyte | Lymphocyte |
| Which is a primary lymphoid organ | Thymus gland |
| Which is not a sign or symptom of inflammation | dormire |
| A circulating substance that acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body's temperature is termed | A Pyrogen |
| The end product of the complement system is | Membrane attack complex |
| Which is a "red flag" molecule from microbes that is recognized by phagocytes | PAMP |
| Interferon is produced by any animal cell that is infected by a bacterium. | False |
| Which is not a whole cell | Platelet |
| Which of the following chemical mediators targets blood vessels | histamine |
| The support network of connective tissue fibers that exists throughout the body's tissues and is heavily occupied by members of the mononuclear phagocyte system is termed the | reticuloendothelial system (RES) |
| In which type of cell would you not expect phagolysosomes to form | erythrocyte |
| A foreign substances that elicits an immune response is | an antigen |
| A phagosome containing engulfed bacteria combines with a lysosome containing enzymes to produce a phagolysosome. | True |
| The migration of white blood cells out of blood vessels and into the tissue spaces is termed | diapedesis |
| An organism that obtains both energy and carbon from organic molecules is a | chemoheterotroph |
| An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from organic compounds is a | photoheterotroph |
| Microorganisms that occupy the human body for only short periods of time are called | transients |
| If several microorganisms inhabit an infection site simultaneously, the infection is best described as | Mixed |
| In the New York Times Health Article, "Losing Touch With the Patient," why was the patient placed in isolation | His bacterial infection of the abdominal wall was resistant to most antibiotics. |
| An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans is | zoonosis |
| The total number of existing cases of a disease with respect to the entire population is the | prevalence |
| The first of Koch's postulates is: | Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a disease. |
| A short period early in a disease that manifests with general malaise and achiness is | the prodromal stage. |
| An example of a noncommunicable infection is | tetanus |
| According to the article, "Losing Touch With the Patient," when compared with patients not in isolation, those individuals on contact precautions have fewer interactions with clinicians, more delays in care, decreased satisfaction and greater incidences o | |
| The human body provides a favorable habitat for microorganisms. Which of the following does not contribute to this favorable habitat | Low levels of moisture |
| The greatest number of pathogens use what as a portal of entry | Respiratory tract |
| When an epidemic spreads across continents, then it is called | |
| Which of the following would not be considered a fomite | A mosquito |
| When an infected host does not manifest the disease, the infection is said to be | |
| Which of the following is an example of a systemic infection | AIDS and Histoplasmosis |
| All pathogenic microorganisms have the same infectious dose. | |
| The influenza virus is | |
| When does the initial microbial colonization of the newborn occur | Beginning with the breaking of fetal membranes, and continuing for 8-12 hours after delivery |
| Where in or on the human body would you find coliforms as part of the resident flora | The large intestine |
| Some bacteria produce substances that are toxic to white blood cells, called | |
| The term "chemotherapy" refers only to the treatment of cancer. | |
| Use of a drug to prevent the potential for infection of a person at risk is termed | |
| MRSA infections that occur in otherwise healthy people who have not recently been in the hospital are termed | |
| Staphylococcus aureus is normally found on human skin. | |
| If a drug is administered to a patient parenterally, it is given | |
| Which of the following is an antifungal drug | clotrimazole |
| Which of the following groups of drugs works by blocking bacterial synthesis of folic acid | sulfonamides |
| Which of the following should you use to treat a patient with a parasitic roundworm infection | mebendazole |
| What portion of penicillins is responsible for differences in each compounds activity | The variable side chain |
| A patient with influenza A would be most effectively treated with | |
| Drugs that affect the bacterial cell wall are effective only against what type of cells | Young, actively growing |
| Which of the categories of antimicrobial drugs exhibits the least degree of selective toxicity | Those that disrupt cell membrane function |
| Which of the following effects do antiviral drugs not have | Killing extracellular viruses |
| The MIC is the _____ of a drug that is required to inhibit growth of a microbe. | |
| Microbial resistance to drugs is acquired through | |
| An antibiotic that disrupts the normal flora can potentially cause a superinfection. | |
| Which drug would be best to administer to a patient (all other factors being equal) | A drug with a TI of 10. |
| A Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test (also called an agar diffusion test) may be used to assess the effects of multiple antimicrobial drugs on the same microorganism simultaneously, resulting in an antibiogram for the organism. | |
| If this antimicrobial drug is given to young children, their tooth enamel may be turned permanently gray or brown. | |
| Which antimicrobial drug is prescribed sparingly because of its severely toxic effects on bone marrow | chloramphenicol |
| What was the first disease to be treated with a specific chemical | Syphilis |
| The golden age of antibiotics began in 1928 with Sir Alexander Fleming's discovery of an antibacterial compound he called what | Penicillin |
| Which of the following statements does not characterize the ideal antimicrobial drug | Microbistatic |
| Antimicrobial drugs that are derived from the natural processes of some microorganisms and that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are specifically known as what | Prophylactic drugs |
| Microbes that produce antimicrobial chemicals that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms in the same habitat are exhibiting what type of behavior | Antagonism |
| Which of the following is not a category of antimicrobial drugs | Those that inhibit mRNA processing in the nucleus |
| Drugs that affect the bacterial cell wall are active only against what type of cells | Young, actively growing |
| How are drugs that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity | Bacteria must synthesize folic acid, while humans acquire it from their diet |
| Antimicrobials that block nucleic acid synthesis may act in all but which of the following manners | They can inhibit the action of tRNA |
| Which of the categories of antimicrobial drugs exhibits the least degree of selective toxicity | Those that disrupt cell membrane function |
| What portion of penicillins is responsible for differences in each compounds activity | The variable side chain |
| Which of the following statements does not characterize penicillin and its relatives | Some bacteria inactivate this drug by producing clavulanic acid. |
| Which of the following is untrue of the cephalosporin group of drugs | Their spectrum of activity is extremely narrow. |
| Aminoglycoside drugs are products of what group of microorganisms | Soil actinomycetes |
| What microorganism has the distinction of being one of nature's most prolific antibiotic producers | Streptomyces sp. |
| Which antibacterial drug does not inhibit protein synthesis | Penicillin |
| Although several classes of antibacterial drugs act by inhibiting protein synthesis, only one acts by inhibiting the actual initiation of protein synthesis. What is this class of drugs | Oxazolidinones |
| What was the drug used to treat individuals exposed to Bacillus anthracis endospores in 2001 | Ciprofloxacin |
| Why do fungal infections present special problems in terms of treatment | Because both fungi and humans are eukaryotes |
| Why are viral infections especially difficult to treat | Because they rely upon their host cells for the majority of their metabolic functions |
| Antiviral compounds can have all but which of the following modes of action | Destruction of extracellular viruses |
| What is a logical antiviral drug target in retroviruses | Reverse transcriptase |
| Which of the following is not a specific mechanism by which organisms genetically resist drugs | Transfer of R factors |
| Strategies for combating drug resistance include all but which practice | Distribution of free prescription drugs to underdeveloped countries |
| The greatest number of antimicrobic allergies is reported for what drug | Penicillins |
| What term is defined as any deviation from health where tissues and organs are damaged and disrupted | Disease |
| The human body provides a favorable habitat for microorganisms. Which of the following does not contribute to this favorable habitat | Low levels of moisture |
| What greatly influences the presence and numbers of transient flora | Hygiene |
| What factor prevents the stomach from being colonized by most microbes | Acids |
| Why are human bites especially dangerous | Because the oral cavity and saliva contain high numbers of bacteria |
| What are the first organism(s) to colonize the upper respiratory tract | Oral streptococci |
| What keeps the kidney, ureter, bladder, and upper urethra sterile | Flow of urine |
| Axenic animals display all but which of the following | Shortened life span |
| The greatest number of pathogens use what as a portal of entry | Respiratory tract |
| What characteristic affects the extent to which an organism is carried into the bronchial tree following inhalation | The size of the microorganism |
| If a microorganism has an ID of one, what assumption can be made regarding this microorganism | It is a very virulent microorganism |
| Bacterial pathogens attach most often by all except which of the following mechanisms | Spikes |
| What exoenzyme secreted by some pathogenic microorganisms digests the principal fiber of connective tissue and is an invasive factor for some microorganisms | Collagenase |
| Which of the following is a property of exotoxins | Secreted from a live cell |
| During which stage of a clinical infection does the patient experience vague feelings of discomfort, such as head and muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, and general malaise | Prodromal stage |
| What is the pattern of infection where the infection itself remains localized at the portal of entry, but the toxins produced by the pathogen are carried by the blood to the actual target tissue | Toxemia |
| Which of the following is not a sign of an infection | Cough |
| What is the clinical term for bacteria multiplying in the blood | Septicemia |
| Which microorganism does not cause a latent infection | Polio |
| What term is defined as the number of new cases of disease over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population | Incidence |
| Which of the following is not a reservoir | Vectors |
| "Typhoid Mary" was an example of what type of disease carrier | Chronic |
| Communicable diseases can spread by several methods. Which is not an example of the direct transmission mode of disease spread | Contact with contaminated food |
| Which does not contribute to the development of nosocomial infections | The use of effective infection control measures |
| The physical barriers that serve as the first line of defense against infection include all except which of the following | Lysozyme |
| What physical barrier protects the trachea and bronchi against infection | Ciliated epithelium |
| Where is lysozyme, the enzyme that hydrolyzes peptidoglycan, found in the body | In saliva and tears |
| Which fluid-filled compartment does not participate in immune function | Cerebrospinal |
| Why is the reticuloendothelial system considered intrinsic to immune function | Because it provides a passageway within and between tissues and organ |
| What type of white blood cell is heavily concentrated within the reticuloendothelial system | Macrophages |
| By four years of age, human blood cell production becomes devoted to several sites. Which of the following is not a site for blood cell production | Liver |
| White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets all arise from what type of progenitor cells | Pluripotential stem cells |
| What type of cell is involved in bloodclotting and inflammation | Platelets |
| The agranulocytes include all of the following cell types except which | Neutrophils |
| Leukocytes (WBCs) are made up of all but which of the following cell types | Platelets |
| What is the primary function of neutrophils | Phagocytosis |
| What type of WBC attacks and destroys large eucaryotic pathogens and is involved in allergic reactions and inflammation | Eosinophils |
| What cells are directly responsible for the release of histamine and other allergic stimulants during immediate allergies | Mast cells |
| Where do B lymphocytes mature in humans | Bone marrow |
| What type of cell modulates immune functions and kills foreign cells | T lymphocytes |
| Which of the following is not a responsibility or function of macrophages | Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies |
| What is the name of the process by which WBCs adhere to the inner walls of small blood vessels and then migrate out of the blood into the tissue spaces | Diapedesis |
| The classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all except which of the following | Headache |
| What is the overall effect of vasodilation that occurs following an injury | Blood flow to the injured site is increased |
| Chemical mediators released following injury perform all but which of the following functions | Cause the differentiation of stem cells |
| What produces and releases endogenous pyrogens | Neutrophils |
| When monocytes migrate from blood vessels into tissues, inflammatory mediatory transform them into what | Macrophages |
| Where does actual destruction of ingested material occur during phagocytosis | Phagolysosome |
| What is not a function or effect of interferon | RBC suppressor |
| What cells work closely with macrophages to provide the elegance and complexity of immune function | Lymphocytes |
| Which of the following is an example of natural active immunity | A person who recovers from an infectious disease. |
| Which is not a function of cell surface receptors of macrophages and lymphocytes | Determine the intensity of response to an antigen |
| Major histocompatibility complex antigens are found on all human cells with the exception of what type of cells | Red blood cells |
| Of the MHC genes, which codes for receptors that recognize and react with foreign antigens | Class II MHC |
| What class of MHC receptors is found on the surface of all nucleated cells | Class I MHC |
| What leads to the extreme variations in the expression of specific receptors in lymphocytes | Clonal selection |
| What is the process by which lymphocyte clones that develop a specificity for self molecules are eliminated or deleted from the pool of genetic diversity | Immune tolerance |
| Which of the following is not an assumption which can be derived from the clonal selection theory | Development of both T and B lymphocytes follows a similar pattern |
| Which statement regarding antibodies is incorrect | Antigen binding sites are composed of constant (C) regions within one H and one L chain |
| Immunoglobulin heavy (H) chains genes are composed of genes from what segments of the genome | V, D, J, and C |
| Which of the properties listed below is not associated with B cells | They are found in high numbers throughout the circulatory system |
| A lymphocyte recognizes and responds to what component of an antigen | Antigenic determinant |
| What is an example of a poor immunogen | Glycogen |
| What is the component found in the human body which can serve as a carrier molecule when bound by haptens | Serum proteins |
| What is responsible for incompatibilities that can occur during blood transfusions | Alloantigens |
| What are the first cells that recognize a processed and presented T-dependent antigen | T helper cells |
| What is one disadvantage of using attenuated vaccines | The organisms can mutate back to a virulent form following vaccination. |
| Once a B cell has processed and presented an antigen, what event must occur before it becomes activated | The B cell must bind to an activated T helper cell that has receptors for the same antigen |
| In what type of reaction do antibodies fill surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a molecule to prevent it from functioning normally | Neutralization |
| What is the most prevalent antibody circulating throughout the tissue fluids and blood | IgG |
| What antibody is a significant component of the mucous and serous secretions of the salivary glands, intestine, nasal membrane, breast, lung, and genitourinary tract | Dimeric IgA |
| What type of cell is fused with a myeloma cell when producing a hybridoma | Plasma cell |
| What is the mode of action of T cytotoxic cells | They secrete perforins that create pores in the membrane of a target cell |
| Which of the following is an example of artificial passive immunity | A person who receives immune serum during treatment for hepatitis |
Created by:
ELENITA28