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Unit 9
Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anarchy | Global structure where there is no authority over sovereign states, advocated by neorealists |
| Balance of Power | A concept that describes the degree of equilibrium or disequilibrium of power in the global or regional region |
| Multi-national Corporation | Private enterprises that have production branches in more than one country |
| Hegemony | A country so dominant that it plays a key role in determining the rules and norms by which a system operates. |
| Zero-Sum Game | When a gain in power of one actor occurs, the other actors lose power. ***SEE-SAW ILLUSTRATION** |
| Unipolarity | Hegemonic power tries to maintain control |
| Bipolarity | International system with two roughly equal actors that divide the international system into two poles |
| Multipolarity | A world political system in which power is primarily held by 4 or more international actors |
| Structural Realism (Neorealism) | Shifts in power among states in the international system is a cause for the dynamics of politics (Neorealists are all about power, politics influenced by power) |
| Liberalism | System dominated by people that believe that humans and their countries are capable of achieving more cooperative, less conflictive relations, either through current government structures or through new models of governance |
| Classical Realism | System dominated by people who believe that countries operate in their own self-interests and that politics is a struggle for power |
| Tariffs | Taxes, usually based on percentage of value, that importers must pay on items purchased abroad; also known as an import tax or import duty |
| Intellectual Property of Rights | Right to property/ideas (kind of like a patent) |
| Balance-of-payments | Measures flow between countries, major indicator of countries in international trade. |
| Exchange Rate Systems | The values of two currencies relative to each other. Fixed—controlled by central bank linked to external reference rate, floating—value may be determined by market forces (supply and demand) as there is no external reference rate. |
| Levels of Analysis | Ways of looking at policy issues by focusing either on systemic, individual or nation state scope |
| Multilateralism | the negotiations among three or more states based on mutual sacrifice of autonomy. Multilateralism has expanded primarily because of the effects of increased technology making contact among nations faster and more frequent,. |
| Unilateralism | support one-sided action. Countries that prefer unilateralism avoid multilateral agreements at all costs unless it is absolutely necessary such as in international trade |
| Constructivism | Approach to analysis based on the notion that our understanding of the world and our relationship to it is based on individual norms, experiences, and perceptions. |
| Collective Security | The original theory behind UN peacekeeping. Aggression against one state is aggression against every member and should be defeated by the collective action of all. |
| Deterrence | Persuading an opponent not to attack by having enough forces to disable the attack and/or launch a punishing counterattack. |
| Containment | US policy of global opposition to the Soviet Union and other communist countries |
| Democratic Peace | a theory initially argued by Immanuel Kant that states that the spread of democracy to all countries would eliminate war |
| Interdependence | the close interrelationship and mutual dependence of two or more domestic economies on each other |
| Complex Interdependence | Put for by Keohane and Nye that states and their fortunes are inextricably tied together. Ties into IPE and balance of power. |
| International Organizations | Group that has a global focus around a specific cause. They are composed of member nations. |
| Bush Doctrine (Pre-emptive War) | the United States must forestall or prevent hostile acts by our adversaries through preemptive warfare (if necessary). An example of this is when the United States moved into Iraq- we had the belief that Iraq contained WMD’s |
| Transnational Advocacy | groups of NGOs and IGOs that share an interest in a specific aspect of global society |
| Sanctions | economic measures imposed by a country or international government organization on one or more countries to change their behavior |
| Soft Power | The ability to persuade others to do what you want, politically |
| Realpolitik | Operating according to the belief that that politics is based on the pursuit, possession, and application of power (practical concerns). Ideas and theories are unimportant |
| North Atlantic Treat Organization | an alliance of 26 member-countries, established in 1949 by Canada, the United States, and most of the countries of Western Europe to defend its members from outside, presumably Soviet-led attack. Has since expanded its mission to include peacekeeping |
| Descriptive Inference | KKV, understanding unobserved phenomenon based on a set of observations |
| Mercantilism | Idea that commodities are a means to foster the general good or wealth of a country. Preceded market economy and supply and demand. |
| Neoliberalism | Cooperation is key between people and the governments, neoliberalists believe the government is doing it wrong |
| Conditionality | Attaching conditions to loans and grants. These conditions may require recipient countries to devalue their currencies, to lift controls on prices, to cut budgets, and to reduce barriers to trade and capital flows. |
| Bretton Woods | goals of creating better monetary stability and easy convertibility of different currencies worldwide |
| Convertibility | The ability of a nation's currency to be exchanged for other currencies without governmental restriction in settlement of current account transactions. Encourages exchanges and trade |
| Hegemonic Stability Theory | KRASNER, Postulates a number of rules for the maintenance and decline of international monetary and political systems. |
| Free Trade | Absence of barriers to allow free flow of goods and services between countries. Lassaiz-faire, international trade is left to market forces |
| Foreign Direct Investment | buying stock, real estate, and other assets in another country with the aim of controlling interest in foreign economic enterprises. Different from portfolio investment, which involves investment solely to gain capital appreciation through market fluctua |
| Direct Democracy | policy making through a variety of processes, including referendums, by which citizens directly cast ballots on policy issues |
| Dependence Theory | the belief that the industrialized North has created a neocolonial relationship with the South in which the less developed countries are dependent on and disadvantaged by their economic relations with the capitalist industrial countries |
| Economic Comm. of West. African States | Regional group of 15 countries founded 1975. Mission is to promote economic integration, and has taken on some peacekeeping activities. |
| Social Inquiry | both qualitative and quantitative research. Mention KKV, and that qualitative and quantitative research share the same "logic of inference." |
| Waltz | Wrote Globalization and American Power, discussed the current status of the nation state. He also explored the extent to which economics affect international policy. Big idea= Influence of nation states has not declined. |
| Washington Consensus | Soederberg. Used to describe policies broadly associated with expanding the role of market forces and constraining the role of the state, sometimes also described as neo-liberalism. |
| Gilpin | an IPE scholar who was the primary author of the Hegemonic Stability theory that stated that superpowers will maintain and encourage free trade policy in order to increase their own economic and political power |
| Comparative Advantage | France makes good wine, so they should make wine. Spain makes good shoes, so they should make shoes **DAVID RICARDO** |
Created by:
greenface86
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