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psych chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | a relatively permanent chagne in an organisms behavior due to experience |
| associate learning | learning that certa events cocur together |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology should bean obejtive science that sudies behavior without refernecfe to mental process |
| clasic conditions | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus that signals an UCS begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for unconditioned stimulus |
| UCR | in class conditioning, the unlearned, naturally corruing rsponse to the ucs such as salvation when food is in the mouth |
| ucs | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, unnaturally and automatically triggers a response |
| cr | in classical conditioning, the leanred response to a previously netural conditioned stimulus |
| cs | in classical conditioning an origianlly netural stimulus hat after association with an unconditioned stmulus comes to trigger a conditioned repsonse |
| acquisition | the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened. in classical conditioning, the phase in which a stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response. in operant, the strenthening of a reinforced response |
| extinction | the diminsihing of a conditioned reponse; occurs in a classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs inoperant conditing when a repsosne is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conidtioned response |
| generalization | the tendency, onc e arepsonse has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar response |
| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish between a codtioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an uncondtioned stimulus. in operant conditining, responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or wont |
| operant conditioning | a type of leraning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punihsment WATSON |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; skinners term for behavior learned through classical conditioning SKINNER |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences |
| law of effect | thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by faorable consequences become more likely, and that beaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely TORNDIKE |
| skinner box | a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; with attached devices to record the aniamsl rate of bar pressing or key pecking. used in operant conditionging research |
| shaping | an operant conditoning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| secondary reinforcer | a conditional reinforcer; a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time, results in slower acquisition of response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continous reinforcement |
| fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditing, a schedule of reinforcement that reinfoces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditing a schedule of reinforcement that reinfoces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditing, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| punishemnt | an aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| cognitive map | a mental responsetation of the layout of ones environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they ahve learned a cognitive map of it |
| lantent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incenetive to demonstrate it |
| overjustification effect | the effect of promising a reward for doign what one already lieks to do. the person may now see the reward, rather than the intrinsic interest, as the motivationfor performing the task. SKINNER |
| prosocial behavior | psotiive, constructive, helpful beheavior. BANDURA |
| observational learning | learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
| model | the process of observing and imitating a behvior |
Created by:
lilee256
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