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Anatomy Ch. 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The pericardium restricts the heart's movements so that it doesn't bounce and move about in the thoracic cavity, and prevents the heart from __ blood. | overfilling with |
| The absolute refactory period in cardiac muscle cells is __ ms in length and helps to protect the heart. | 250 |
| The right atrium receives blood from the __ circulation, and the left atrium receives blood from the __ circulation. | systemic, pulmonary |
| The __ is a membrane that covers the heart and serves to protect it. | pericardium |
| The myocardium is the __ of the three heart wall layers. | thickest |
| The three main components of the cardiovascular system are the __, blood vessels, and __. | heart, blood |
| The major segments of an ECG (EKG) are the __ and the __. | P-Q segment, S-T segment |
| The long refractory period in the cardiac muscle cells prevents __ contraction from occurring in the heart and causing pump malfunction. | sustained |
| The systemic circulation begins with the chambers on the __ side of the heart. | left |
| The __ atrium and ventricle are prominent when viewing the heart from the posterior view. | left |
| The cardiovascular system consists of two circulations: the __ circulation and the __ circulation. | pulmonary, systemic |
| The left AV valve is forced __ when the left ventricle begins to contract, __ blood backflow into the left atrium. | closed, preventing |
| In the average normal adult, the heart weighs about __ grams. | 250-350 (300) |
| Identify the three major vessels that empty into the right atrium: __, __, and __. | inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, coronary sinus |
| Once gas exchange occurs in the lungs, the oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary __ to the __ atrium. | veins, left |
| Arteries that carry deoxygenated blood are the __ arteries. | pulmonary |
| The __ circulation conveys deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart through blood vessels to the lungs for the pickup of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide, and then back through blood vessels to the left side of the heart. | pulmonary |
| The __ circulation moves oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart through blood vessels to systemic cells (liver, skin, muscle, and brain) for exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes before returning the blood to right side of heart. | systemic |
| The pattern of blood flow is the __ side of the heart--> __--> __ side of the heart--> __ tissues of the body--> back to the __ side. | right side--> lungs--> left side--> systemic tissues--> right side |
| Equal amounts of blood are normally pumped by the two ventricles through the two circulations, a condition called __ __. | ventricular balance |
| Sustained pumping of unequal amounts of blood may result in __ which is excess fluid in the interstitial space or within cells. | edema |
| Arteries carry blood __ from the heart. | away |
| Veins carry blood __ the heart. | to |
| __ serve as the sites of exchange, either between the blood and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs or the blood and body cells. | capillaries |
| __ __ carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs and __ __ carry oxygenated blood to the heart. | pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins |
| The heart is located in the __ cavity enclosed within a fibroserous sac. It is located __ to the sternum left of the body midline between the lungs in the __. | thoracic, posterior, mediastinum |
| The posterosuperior surface of the heart is called the __. The inferior, conical end of the heart is called the __. | base, apex |
| The heart is enclosed in the __. | pericardium |
| The outermost covering is a double-layered fibroserous sac called the __ __. The outer portion of the sac is a tough, dense irregular c.t. layer called the __ __. | pericardial sac, fibrous pericardium |
| The __ __ layer is attached inferiorly to the diaphragm and superiorly to the base of the great arterial trunks (pulmonary trunk and aorta). Restricts movement so heart doesn't move and prevents heart from overfilling with blood. | fibrous pericardium |
| The inner portion of the sac of the heart is a thin, serous membrane identified as the __ layer of serous pericardium (__ __). Tightly adhered to the heart is a 2nd serous membrane called the __ layer of serous pericardium (__ __). Also called __. | parietal, parietal pericardium, visceral, visceral pericardium, epicardium |
| The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers is called the __ __. Serous fluid is secreted by both layers and released into this to lubricate the membranes and facilitate frictionless movement of heart when it beats. | pericardial cavity |
| The __ is the outermost heart layer and is also called the visceral layer of serous pericardium. It is a serous membrane composed of simple squamous epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar c.t. | epicardium |
| The __ is the middle layer of the heart wall. Composed of cardiac muscle tissue and is the thickest of the three heart wall layers. | myocardium |
| The internal surface of the heart and external surfaces of the heart valves are covered by __. Composed of a simple squamous epithelium called an endothelium and an underlying layer of areolar c.t. Continuous w/inner lining of blood vessels. | endocardium |
| A superior chamber for receiving blood is called an __ and an inferior chamber for pumping blood away from the heart is called a __. Blood is received into an atrium, then moves from the atrium inferiorly into the ventricle to be pumped. | atrium, ventricle |
| The great vessels contains the: | pulmonary trunk, aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary veins |
| Great vessel: the __ __ (splits into the pulmonary arteries) receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle. | pulmonary trunk |
| Great vessel: the __ receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle. | aorta |
| Great vessels: the two large arteries (__ __) attach to the superior border of the ventricles; they transport blood away from the heart. | arterial trunks |
| Great vessels: large __ deliver blood to the atria on the more posterior aspect of the heart. Includes SVC, IVC, and pulmonary veins | veins |
| Great vessels: the __ __ __ and __ __ __ drain deoxygenated blood into the right atrium, and the __ __ drain oxygenated blood into the left atrium. | superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins |
| Flaplike extension over the atria; "ear" of the atrium. | auricles |
| The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by a relatively deep groove called the __ __ or atrioventricular sulcus. | coronary sulcus |
| An _ _ is a groove between ventricles that extends inferiorly from coronary sulcus toward the heart apex, & delineates the superficial boundary between right and left ventricles. _ _ _ is on anterior side of heart and _ _ _ is on posterior side of heart. | interventricular sulcus, anterior interventricular sulcus, posterior interventricular sulcus |
| Two sets of valves are located within the heart: __ valves and __ valves. | atrioventricular and semilunar |
| The __ (__) valves are between the atrium and ventricle of each side of the heart. | atrioventricular (AV) |
| The __ AV valve is also called the __ valve and is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. | right, tricuspid |
| The __ AV valve is also called the __ valve or __ valve and is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. | left, bicuspid, mitral |
| The __ valves mark the boundary between a ventricle and its associated arterial trunk. | semilunar |
| The __ __ valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, and the __ __ valve is between the left ventricle and aorta. The valves open to allow blood to flow through heart and close to prevent its backflow. Ensures one-way, flow of blood. | pulmonary semilunar, aortic semilunar |
| Extending from the internal wall of the right ventricle are typically three cone-shaped muscular projections called __ __. Range from 2-9 in right ventricle and 2 in left ventricle. | papillary muscles |
| Papillary muscles anchor thin strands of collagen fibers called __ __ which attach to the left and right AV valves. | chordae tendineae |
Created by:
khinson