Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Anatomy Ch. 18.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blood is the specialized fluid that is transported through the __ __ which is composed of the heart (cardio) and blood vessels (vascular). | cardiovascular system |
| __ transport blood away from the heart, whereas __ transport blood toward the heart. | arteries, veins |
| __ are permeable, microscopic vessels between arteries and veins. Serve as the sites of exchange between blood and body tissues. Oxygen and nutrients exit blood and carbon dioxide and cellular wastes enter blood. | capillaries |
| Blood is composed of __ __ (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) and __. | formed elements, plasma |
| __ or red blood cells function to transport respiratory gases in the blood. | erythrocytes |
| __ or white blood cells contribute to defending the body against pathogens. | leukocytes |
| __ or thrombocytes help clot the blood and prevent blood loss from damaged vessels. | platelets |
| __ is the fluid portion of blood containing plasma proteins and dissolved solutes. | plasma |
| What are the functions of blood? | transportation, regulation, and protection |
| Blood participates in the regulation of body __, body __, and __ __. | temperature, pH, and fluid balance |
| Blood is a type of connective tissue that can be described based on the physical characteristics including: | color, volume, viscosity, plasma concentration, temperature, and pH |
| Oxygen rich blood is what color? | bright red or scarlet |
| Oxygen poor blood is what color? | dark red |
| The bluish appearance of our veins can be attributed to both: | the fact that we can see the blood traveling through the superficial veins through the skin and how light is reflected back to the eye from different colors |
| The average volume of blood in an adult is __. Males tend to have more blood __-__ than do females __-__ because of their larger size. | 5l, 5-6l, 4-5l |
| Blood is about 4 to 5 times more __ than water, meaning that it is thicker. __ is increased if the amount of substances (primarily erythrocytes) increases, the amount of fluid decreases, or both. | viscous, vicosity |
| The temperature of blood is about __ degree celsius higher than measured temperature. Average is __. | 1, 38 C (100 F) |
| Blood plasma is slightly alkaline, with a pH between __ and __. They have a three-dimensional shape that is dependent upon H+ ion concentration. If pH is altered from normal range,plasma proteins become denatured and unable to carry out their functions. | 7.35 and 7.45 |
| __ __ (plasma and formed elements) can be separated into its liquid and cellular components by using a __, a device that spins the sample of blood in a tube so that heavier components collect at the bottom. | whole blood, centrifuge |
| __ form the lower layer of the centrifuged blood. They typically make up about __% of a blood sample. | erythrocytes, 44% |
| A thin __ __ makes up the middle layer of the centrifuged blood. This slightly gray-white layer is composed of leukocytes and platelets. Forms less than 1% of the blood sample. | buffy coat |
| __ is a straw-colored liquid that rises to the top of the centrifuged blood. It generally makes up about __% of blood. | plasma, 55% |
| Plasma is made up of water about __% plasma, proteins about __%, and solutes about __%. | 92, 7, 1 |
| Collectively, the __, __, and __, are called the formed elements and make up about __% of whole blood. | erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, 45% |
| Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin. Lifespan about 120 days. | erythrocytes |
| Initiate immune response; defend against potentially harmful substances. Lifespan varies from 12 hours (neutrophils) to years (lymphocytes). | leukocytes |
| Participates in blood clotting. Lifespan about 8-10 days. | platelets |
| Formed elements are continually produced by the process of __ also called __. This occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) of certain bones. | hemopoiesis, hematopoiesis |
| The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called __. They are considered pluripotent meaning they can differentiate and develop into many different kinds of cells. | hemocytoblasts |
| Hemocytoblasts produce two different lines for blood cell development. The __ __ forms erythrocytes, all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes (cells that produce platelets. The __ __ forms only lymphocytes. | myeloid line, lymphoid line |
| The process of erythrocyte production is called: | erythropoiesis |
| The production of leukocytes is called: | leukopoiesis |
| The production of platelets is called: | thrombopoiesis |
| Structure of erythrocyte: | biconcave disc w/out nucleus |
| __ is a red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. | hemoglobin |
| When blood is maximally loaded with oxygen, it is termed __ (bright red in color). When some oxygen is lost and carbon dioxide is gained during respiratory gas exchange, blood is called __ (appears dark red). | oxygenated, deoxygenated |
| Nucleus is multilobed (as many as 5 lobes). Cytoplasm contains neutral or pale, specific granules (when stained). | neutrophils |
| Phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria. Release enzymes that target pathogens. | neutrophils |
| 50-70% of total leukocytes. | neutrophils |
| __ have specific granules in their cytoplasm that are clearly visible when viewed with a microscope. Three types: __, __, and __. | granulocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| Nucleus is bilobed. Cytoplasm contains reddish or pink-orange specific granules (when stained). | eosinophils |
| Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens. Release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms. | eosinophils |
| 1-4% of total leukocytes. | eosinophils |
| Nucleus is bilobed. Cytoplasm contains deep blue-violet specific granules (when stained). | basophils |
| Release histamine (vasodilator and increases capillary permability) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory reactions. | basophils |
| 0.5-1% of total leukocytes. | basophils |
| Rounded or slightly indented nucleus (fills the cell in smaller lymphocytes). Nucleus is usually darkly stained. The rim of cytoplasm surrounds nucleus. | lymphocytes |
| Coordinate immune cell activity. Attack pathogens and abnormal and infected cells. Produce antibodies. | lymphocytes |
| 20-40% of total leukocytes. | lymphocytes |
| Kidney-shaped or C-shaped nucleus. Nucleus is generally pale staining. Abundant cytoplasm around nucleus. | monocytes |
| Exit blood vessels to become macrophages. Phagocytize pathogens (bacteria, viruses), cellular fragments, dead cells, debris. | monocytes |
| 2-8% of total leukocytes. | monocytes |
| __ are leukocytes that have such small specific granules in their cytoplasm that they are not clearly visible under the light microscope. | agranulocytes |
| There are 3 categories of lymphocytes. __ manage and direct an immune response; some directly attack foreign cells and virus-infected cells. __ are stimulated to become plasma cells and produce antibodies. __ attack abnormal and infected tissue cells. | t-lymphocytes (T-cells); b-lymphocytes (B-cells); NK cells (natural killer cells) |
| The number of leukocytes in the blood normally ranges between __ and __ per cubic millimeter (or microliter) of blood. | 4500 and 11,000 |
| A reduced number of leukocytes causes a serious disorder called __. Often indicative of leukemia or other bone marrow damage. <5000/microliter of blood. | leukopenia |
| __ results from a slightly elevated leukocyte count and may be caused by a variety of factors, such as a recent infection or stress. Often indicative of infection. >10,000/microliter of blood. | leukocytosis |
| Also called thrombocyte. Irregular-shaped, membrane-enclosed cellular fragments. In stained preparations, exhibit dark central region. They are not true cells (never had nucleus). Continually produced in red bone marrow by megakaryocytes. | platelets |
| __ serve an important function in hemostasis (blood clotting). Circulate 8-10 days, afterward they're broken down and recycled. About 30% of these are stored in the __. | platelets, spleen |
| An abnormally small number of platelets in circulating blood is termed __. Too few platelets. Don't clot. | thrombocytopenia |
| Too many platelets. Clotting. | Thrombocythemia |
| Proteins removed from plasma. | serum |
| The plasma membrane of an erythrocyte has numerous molecules called __ __ or __, which project from the surface. | surface antigens or agglutinogens |
| The presence or absence of the A antigen, the B antigen, or both is the criterion that determines your __ __ __. | ABO blood type |
| The ABO surface antigens on erythrocytes are accompanied by specific __ or __ that travel in the blood plasma. It is a Y-shaped protein that is designed to recognize and immobilize a specific antigen it perceives as foreign to the body. | antibodies or agglutinins |
| If a person is transfused w/blood of incompatible type, antibodies in plasma bind to surface antigens of transfused erythrocytes, and clumps of erythrocytes bind together in process termed __. | agglutination |
| Clumped erythrocytes can block blood vessels and prevent the normal circulation of blood. Eventually, some or all of the clumped erythrocytes may rupture, a process called __. | hemolysis |
| The Rh blood type is determined by the presence or absence of the Rh surface antigen, often called either __ __ or __ __ _. | Rh factor or surface antigen D |
| When the Rh factor is present, the individual is said to be __ __. An individual is termed __ __ when the surface antigen is lacking. | Rh positive (Rh+), Rh negative (Rh-) |
| Antibodies to the Rh factor (termed __-__ __) appear in the blood only when an Rh negative individual is exposed to Rh positive blood. | anti-D antibodies |
| Individuals who are Rh+ never exhibit anti-D antibodies b/c they possess the Rh antigen on their erythrocytes. Only individuals who are Rh- can exhibit anti-d antibodies and that can occur only after exposure to Rh antigens. T or F? | true |
Created by:
khinson