SH2 domains have binding sites for

phosphotyrosine and for a nearby amino acid side chain

is activated by cytokines and leads to activation of a gene regulatory protein STAT

The Wingless Signaling pathway has two potential streams:

With (results in transcription of Wnt Target genes) and Without Wnt Signal-

A reaction catalyzed by PI 3-kinase

is phosphorylation of PI(4,5)P2 on the 3 OH of inositol to generate PI(3,4,5)P3.

Components of MAP kinase cascades are often bound together in complexes by large scaffolding proteins that serve to

prevent cross-talk between parallel MAP kinase modules

are gene regulatory proteins that are activated by freeing them from inhibitory complexes in the cytoplasm.

All RTKs have protein kinase activity when activated; Most are monomeric in absence of ligand & dimerize when activated by ligand binding; All RTKs have extracellular and intracellular domains; The monomeric form of most RTKs lacks enzymatic activity

NOT a property of RTKs

All RTKs are 7-pass transmembrane proteins.

The primary substrate of the kinase activity of a subunit of an RTK is

the other subunit of the same RTK dimer.

The phospho-tyrosines generated by cross-phosphorylation of RTK subunits serve as docking/activation sites for:

signaling enzymes such as PI 3-kinase; adaptor proteins such as Drk.

It can hydrolyze GTP to GDP; It is present in two forms: bound to either GTP or GDP; In its GTP bound form it serves as an activator of signaling enzymes; It associates with the plasma membrane via a lipid anchor.

NOT a property of Ras

It associates with the plasma membrane by binding to PI(3,4,5)P3.

What is the role of Son-of-sevenless (Sos) protein in Ras signaling?

Sos induces Ras-GDP to exchange its bound GDP for GTP.

R7 photoreceptor differs from the other photoreceptor cells in the ommatidium in:

being the only photoreceptor cell that expresses the Sevenless receptor protein.

A function of Akt in the insulin signaling pathway is to

phosphorylate and activate the mTOR kinase which activates cell growth; phosphorylate and inactivate the Bad protein, which functions to sequester and inhibit an inhibitor of apoptosis (Bcl-2).

Activation of a TGFβ receptor complex leads to:

phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors

statements about STAT protein that are correct:

gene regulatory protein; moves to nucleus @ activation/stimulates transcription; active form=heterodimer of 2 STAT proteins(phosphorylated by a Janus kinase); STAT proteins use SH2 domains to bind phosphotyrosines on cytokine receptors;

Notch is a transmembrane receptor protein that is ______ by Delta, a _____ signaling protein.

activated, single-pass transmembrane

is not true of the Dorsal protein

Dorsal is responsible for determining dorsal cell fates in the Drosophila embryo.

Activation of the Notch receptor by Delta leads to:

cleavage of the cytoplasmic domain of Notch, which translocates to the nucleus & binds to a transcriptional repressor prebound to Notch target gene promoters, converting it to a transcriptional activator and stimulating transcription of the target genes.

In the Wnt signaling pathway, phosphorylation of β-catenin:

leads to its ubiquitylation and destruction by proteasomes.

diffusible extra-cellular signaling proteins include:

Wingless Hedgehog TGF-β Interferon Insulin

GSK3 is a _____ that functions in the ______ pathway.

a.protein kinase, Wnt b.protein kinase, hedgehog

depends on a contact dependent signaling mechanism that is activated by a single pass transmembrane signal protein called Delta, on the surface

when individual cells in epithelium develop as neural cells, they signal to neighbors

they signal to neighbors not to do the same, whch is mediated by Delta.

single pass transmembrane protein; requires proteolytic processing to function; acts as latent gene regulatory protein; is activated by proteolytic cleavage; release notch tail migrates to nucleus/binds to a transcriptional activator

all three pathways begin with binding

which recruits scaffold protein Desheveled.

Intermediate filament structure

have alpha helical regions in a monomer, and the a coiled-coil dimer, and then a staggered tetramer of two coiled-coil dimers; then two tetramers packed together, and finally 8 tetramers twisted into a ropelike filament.

nucleation of actin filaments is accomplished

by arp2/3 complexes, which remain stably associated with the ends of actin filaments.

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BCMB311 test 3

Question	Answer
SH2 domains have binding sites for	phosphotyrosine and for a nearby amino acid side chain
MAP kinase cascade activated by	Ras
MAP kinase modules are kept separate from one another by	scaffold proteins
JAK-STAT pathway	is activated by cytokines and leads to activation of a gene regulatory protein STAT
The Wingless Signaling pathway has two potential streams:	With (results in transcription of Wnt Target genes) and Without Wnt Signal-
MAP kinase kinase kinase is so named because it has three kinase domains	FALSE
A reaction catalyzed by PI 3-kinase	is phosphorylation of PI(4,5)P2 on the 3 OH of inositol to generate PI(3,4,5)P3.
Janus kinase is a receptor tyrosine kinase.	FALSE
Components of MAP kinase cascades are often bound together in complexes by large scaffolding proteins that serve to	prevent cross-talk between parallel MAP kinase modules
NFkB and Dorsal	are gene regulatory proteins that are activated by freeing them from inhibitory complexes in the cytoplasm.
IkB is a transmembrane receptor protein that activates NFkB	FALSE
In Drosophila nervous system development, cells that express Notch but not Delta develop as neurons	FALSE
Both Notch and Delta are	glycoproteins
properties of RTKs:	All RTKs have protein kinase activity when activated; Most are monomeric in absence of ligand & dimerize when activated by ligand binding; All RTKs have extracellular and intracellular domains; The monomeric form of most RTKs lacks enzymatic activity
NOT a property of RTKs	All RTKs are 7-pass transmembrane proteins.
The primary substrate of the kinase activity of a subunit of an RTK is	the other subunit of the same RTK dimer.
The phospho-tyrosines generated by cross-phosphorylation of RTK subunits serve as docking/activation sites for:	signaling enzymes such as PI 3-kinase; adaptor proteins such as Drk.
Properties of Ras	It can hydrolyze GTP to GDP; It is present in two forms: bound to either GTP or GDP; In its GTP bound form it serves as an activator of signaling enzymes; It associates with the plasma membrane via a lipid anchor.
NOT a property of Ras	It associates with the plasma membrane by binding to PI(3,4,5)P3.
What is the role of Son-of-sevenless (Sos) protein in Ras signaling?	Sos induces Ras-GDP to exchange its bound GDP for GTP.
R7 photoreceptor differs from the other photoreceptor cells in the ommatidium in:	being the only photoreceptor cell that expresses the Sevenless receptor protein.
Signaling proteins in the PI 3-kinase pathway bind to PI(3,4,5)P3 via ______ domains.	PH
A function of Akt in the insulin signaling pathway is to	phosphorylate and activate the mTOR kinase which activates cell growth; phosphorylate and inactivate the Bad protein, which functions to sequester and inhibit an inhibitor of apoptosis (Bcl-2).
An example of a latent gene regulatory protein that is activated by an enzyme-coupled receptor is:	Smad2 or 3
Activation of a TGFβ receptor complex leads to:	phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors
The main function of the MAP kinase kinase Mek is to phosphorylate:	the MAP kinase Erk
statements about STAT protein that are correct:	gene regulatory protein; moves to nucleus @ activation/stimulates transcription; active form=heterodimer of 2 STAT proteins(phosphorylated by a Janus kinase); STAT proteins use SH2 domains to bind phosphotyrosines on cytokine receptors;
Notch is a transmembrane receptor protein that is ______ by Delta, a _____ signaling protein.	activated, single-pass transmembrane
is not true of the Dorsal protein	Dorsal is responsible for determining dorsal cell fates in the Drosophila embryo.
The transmembrane receptor that activates the Dorsal pathway is the ____ protein.	Toll
In a Drosophila blastoderm, the ventral-most cells develop into what type of tissue	mesoderm
Activation of the Notch receptor by Delta leads to:	cleavage of the cytoplasmic domain of Notch, which translocates to the nucleus & binds to a transcriptional repressor prebound to Notch target gene promoters, converting it to a transcriptional activator and stimulating transcription of the target genes.
In the Wnt signaling pathway, phosphorylation of β-catenin:	leads to its ubiquitylation and destruction by proteasomes.
In the Wnt pathway, β-catenin is phosphorylated by	GSK3 CK1
diffusible extra-cellular signaling proteins include:	Wingless Hedgehog TGF-β Interferon Insulin
Wnt binds to:	Frizzled and LRP
GSK3 is a _____ that functions in the ______ pathway.	a.protein kinase, Wnt b.protein kinase, hedgehog
lateral inhibition	depends on a contact dependent signaling mechanism that is activated by a single pass transmembrane signal protein called Delta, on the surface
when individual cells in epithelium develop as neural cells, they signal to neighbors	they signal to neighbors not to do the same, whch is mediated by Delta.
Notch	single pass transmembrane protein; requires proteolytic processing to function; acts as latent gene regulatory protein; is activated by proteolytic cleavage; release notch tail migrates to nucleus/binds to a transcriptional activator
all three pathways begin with binding	which recruits scaffold protein Desheveled.
Intermediate filament structure	have alpha helical regions in a monomer, and the a coiled-coil dimer, and then a staggered tetramer of two coiled-coil dimers; then two tetramers packed together, and finally 8 tetramers twisted into a ropelike filament.
Two types of intermediate filaments	keratin and neurofilaments
nucleation of actin filaments is accomplished	by arp2/3 complexes, which remain stably associated with the ends of actin filaments.
To be effective in establishing sister chromatid cohesion, the cohesin complex must be loaded onto chromosomes immediately after the completion of DNA replication	False
SMC1 and SMC3 interact with each other to form a parallel, heterodimeric coiled-coil.	False
The cohesin complex forms a large ring that can encircle a pair of sister chromatid DNA molecules.	True
The persistence length of a cytoskeletal filament is the longest it can get before it bends.	True
Passage of cells through the metaphase-anaphase transition checkpoint requires high levels of M-phase cyclin/CdK activity.	False
The cyclin responsible for driving cells through the START checkpoint is Gl/S cyclin.	True
Cells with incompletely replicated DNA or with unrepaired DNA damage will be unable to pass through the G2/M checkpoint until the problem is fixed.	True
At the critical concentration of subunits (Cc), the rate of subunit addition to a filament equals the rate of subunit removal from the filament.	True
Fortreadmilling of actin filaments to occur, the concentration of free actin monomers must be greater than the critical concentration for ATP (T) subunits (CCT) but less than the critical concentration for ADP (D) subunits (CCD)	True
Microfilaments nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex are usually cross linked into web-like arrays	True
Actin microfilaments are made of two protofilaments wound around each other in a helical configuration.	True
Each protofilament of a microtubule has a p-tubulin at its - end and an ct-tubulin at its +end	False
Each microtubule consists of an outer ring of nine pairs of protofilaments with two single protofilaments in the center.	False
Cyclins are degraded and re-synthesized every cell cycle.	True
The forward movement of lamellapodia is driven largely by treadmilling of actin microfilaments	True
Muscle contraction is driven largely by treadmilling of actin microfilaments.	False
The force for bending of cilia and flagella is provided by dynein proteins attached to one microtubule doublet pulling on an adjacent microtubule doublet.	True
he stalk domain of cytoplasmic dynein functions to connect dynein to its cargo.	False
Dynactin complexes connect dyneins to their cargo vesicles.	True
During cell division in yeast, the Ashl mRNA is transported from the mother cell to the bud by myosin V moving along actin microfilaments.	True
The Bicoid protein is transported to the anterior pole of Drosophila embryos by cytoplasmic dynein moving Q along microtubules in a + to - direction	true
The energy for movement of myosin on actin filaments is provided by hydrolysis of ATP to ADP by the head /domain ofmyosin.	True
The energy for movement of kinesin along microtubules is provided by hydrolysis of GTP to GDP by the head	False
The receptor in the Dorsal pathway is Toll.	true
statements about STAT protein is correct:	STAT=gene regulatory protein/ translocates into the nucleus upon activation and stimulates transcription. active form of STAT= heterodimer, phosphorylated by a Janus kinase.
More statements about stat proteins: (all of the above are correct)	STATproteins use their SH2 domains to bind phosphotyrosines on activated cytokine receptors. STAT proteins interact via their SH2 domains to form dimers.
Dorsal Proteins:	Dorsal is responsible for determining ventral cell fates in the Drosophila embryo. Dorsal is a morphogen that instructs target cells to differentiate into different types of cells depending on its concentration in the nucleus.
Dorsal Proteins cont:	Dorsal is localized to embryonic blastoderm nuclei in a gradient with peak nuclear concentration at the ventral midline. Dorsal is a transcriptional regulatory protein.
NOT TRUE of Dorsal Protein:	In the absence ofthe activating signal in dorsal cells, Dorsal is polyubiquitylated and degraded.
Activation of a TGFB receptor complex leads to:	phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors
In the JAK-STAT pathway, the receptor:	serves as a target for phosphorylation by Janus kinase; and when phosphorylated, provides binding sites for STAT proteins.
Activation of the Wnt receptor leads to	Phosphorylation of LRP
Activation of the Notch receptor by Delta leads to:	cleavage of Notch, which translocates into the nucleus and binds to a transcriptional repressor prebound to Notch target gene promoters, converting it to a transcriptional activator and stimulating transcription of the target genes.
Activation of the TGF-B receptor leads to	phosphorylation of Smad2 or Smad3
The subunits of microtubules are:	Heterodimers of a and B tubulin
A protein that binds to and stabilizes (blocks assembly and disassembly) the + ends of microfilaments is	CapZ
What role does Ca++ play in skeletal muscle contraction	Ca++ that has entered the cytoplasm through voltage-gated channels in plasma membrane in response to an AP binds to calcium channel proteins in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, causing them to open & release more Ca++ into the cytoplasm.
What role does Ca++ play in skeletal muscle contraction (c and d)	It binds to troponin C and causes a repositioning of tropomyosin that unblocks myosin binding sites on actin filaments
Cells that react positivelywith anti-BUdR antibodies after a short period of growth in BUdR are probably in what stage ofthecell cycle?	S or early G2
How are cyclins down-regulated during the cell cycle?	They are polyubiquitylated by the APC/C and degraded by the proteasome
What is the role of W eel kinase in cell-cycle regulation?	It inhibits M-cyclin/Cdk activity by phosphorylating the active site of Cdk
Which of the following proteins is not found at pre-RCs?	DNA polymerase
Which of the following proteins is/are present at both pre-replication complexes and pre-initiation complexes?	MCM complex and ORC complex (A and B)
Licensing of replication origins and formation of pre-RCs occurs only when:	APC/C activity is high
which of the following porteins is a target for APC/C	Geminin, Securin, M-cyclin, S-cyclin....all of the above
CDC binds to APC/C and	inactivates it
What role does CAK play in the cell cycle?	It fully activates partially active M-cyclin/CdK complexes by phosphorylating the T-loop of CdK.
The light band of a sarcomere is the region...	In which thin filaments are present but thick filaments are absent
The thin filaments of myofibrils are made of	actin only
when muscle cells are stretched, what component of the sarcomere elongates	The Z-lines become wider by addition of Cap Z proteins
What is the role of profilin in microfilament assembly/disassembly	It binds to actin monomers and promotes their incorporation into microfilaments.
What is the role of cofilin in microfilament assembly/disassembly?	It binds to ADP-actin subunits of microfilaments and promotes filament disassembly at the - end.
is a protein that functions to cross-link actin filaments into parallel bundles.	Fimbrin
In non-muscle cells, phosphorylation of the light chains of myosin II by MLCK leads to:	unfolding and straightening of the tail region
Which of the following is true of intermediate filaments?	The monomer subunits interact laterally to form parallel coiled-coil dimers.
Which of the cytoskeletal filaments is the most resistant to shear forces (forces that tend to break the filament)?	Intermediate Filaments
A microtubule experiencing a catastrophe	will undergo rapid shrinkage largely because of loss ofsubunits atthe+end.
The subunits of _______ form complexes with GT	microtubules
Binding of ATP to the head domain of myosin triggers	loss of binding of the head to the actin filament
Cocking of the myosin head is accompanied by:	Hydrolysis of ATP
During movement of kinesin I along a microtubule,	The two heads take turns passing each other in a - end to + direction in a walking-like motion; One head or the other is always tightly attached to the microtubule.
During movement of kinesin I along a microtubule,	ADP-->ATP in leading head causes it to bind to the microtubule & causes the associated linker region= conformational shift that pulls molecule forward. Hydrolysis of ATP/release of Pi by the trailing head causes it to dissociate from the microtubule.
1.The function of an SH2 domain is to bind to phosphorylated tyrosines on other proteins.	True
A function of PH domains in RTK signaling is to bind to PI(3,4,5)P3 phospholipids on the plasma membrane.	True
The role of Ras-GTP in RTK signaling is to phosphorylate the MAPKKK protein to initiate the MAP kinase cascade	False
The role of Ras-GTP in RTK signaling is to phosphorylate the MAPKKK protein to initiate the MAP kinase cascade	False
Wnt signaling induces formation of the axin-APC-GSK3-CK1 complex, which phosphorylates β-catenin and targets it for proteasomal degradation.	False
. What is/are the phosphorylation targets of an activated Janus kinase?	a. the other Janus kinase present in the same cytokine-cytokine receptor-JAK complex. b. the cytokine receptor to which the Janus kinase is bound. c. any STAT protein that binds to the cytokine receptor to which the Janus kinase is bound
What is the role of Bride-of-sevenless (Boss) protein in RTK signaling in ommatidia?	Boss is the ligand that activates Sevenless receptor.
In dorsal-ventral axis determination in Drosophila, activation of the Toll receptor leads to:	phosphorylation, polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of Cactus protein, freeing Dorsal protein to translocate into the nucleus where it activates target genes needed for development of ventral structures.
Activation of the insulin receptor by insulin leads to activation of:	PI(3)kinase.
When a type I TGF-β receptor is activated, what does it do?	It phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins.
Addition of actin monomers to an actin filament takes place only at the + end (assume no end-blocking proteins are present).	False
At the critical concentration of subunits (CC), the rate of subunit addition to a filament equals the rate of subunit removal from the filament.	True
For treadmilling of actin filaments to occur, the concentration of free actin monomers must be less than the critical concentration for ATP (T) subunits (CCT) but greater than the critical concentration for ADP (D) subunits (CCD) .	False
In a growing microtubule there is frequently a “GTP cap” at the + end.	true
The persistence length of a cytoskeletal filament is the longest it can get before it becomes unstable and begins to diassemble.	False
In cells, the concentration of actin monomers is usually much lower than the critical concentration measured in vitro because of an abundance of proteins that act to stabilize microfilaments and prevent disassembly.	False
In assembly of microfilaments and microtubules, the slowest step is nucleation, the formation of the first few subunit bonds.	True
Arp1 functions to promote nucleation of actin microfilaments.	False
After binding to an actin monomer and promoting its incorporation into an actin microfilament, profilin dissociates from the actin	True
Microfilaments nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex are usually cross-linked into web-like arrays.	True
.Microfilaments nucleated by formin are usually bundled into parallel arrays.	True
The spacing between microfilaments in a parallel array is greater when the crosslinking protein is α-actinin than when it is fimbrin.	True
. The + ends of microtubules in animal cells are usually embedded in the centrosome.	False
Centrioles function as the nucleation sites for microtubules that initiate in the centrosome.	False
. MAPs are proteins that bind to the sides or ends of microtubules	True
Both MAP2 and tau function to bind microtubules into bundles	True
+TIPs are proteins that bind preferentially to the + ends of microtubules.	True
The function of a “catastrophe factor” such as kinesin-13 is to pry apart the + ends of the protofilaments of microtubules, thus promoting disassembly	True
. The subunits of microfilaments are bound to ______ ; the subunits of microtubules are bound to _____.	ATP or ADP; GTP or GDP
The subunits of microtubules are	Heterodimers of α and β tubulin.
Which of the following is not a subunit of intermediate filaments?	Fimbrin
Neglecting the effects of differential accumulation of T versus D subunits at the two ends, subunit addition to an actin filament occurs most rapidly at the ____ end; subunit removal occurs most rapidly at the ____ end.	+ +
The tip of the + end of a growing microtubule would consist of:	13 β tubulin polypeptides.
a consequence of GTP hydrolysis by a β tubulin subunit in a microtubule?	a. Reduced affinity of the subunit for its neighboring subunits. b. Increased frequency of loss of the subunit if it is at the end of a microtubule. c. Induction of curvature of the protofilament containing the subunit.
not true of a microtubule catastrophe	b. It is characterized by fragmentation of the microtubule.
A microfilament consists of ________protofilament(s); a microtubule consists of ______ protofilament(s).	2, 13
Which of the following is true of intermediate filaments	Tetramers pack together end-to-end using the overhanging dimers at the staggered ends as interaction sites.
Which of the cytoskeletal filaments is the most resistant to shear forces (forces that tend to break the filament)?	intermediate filaments
Which of the cytoskeletal filaments has the longest persistence length?	microtubules
Which of the cytoskeletal filaments is the thickest	microtubules
After nucleating formation of microfilaments, formin:	e. stays attached to the + end of the microfilament and continues to promote subunit addition to the + end.
Profilin binds to the ____ end of actin monomers, then the actin-proflin dimers add to the ______ end of a microfilament.	+, +
The “ring complex” responsible for nucleating formation of most microtubules contains what type of tubulin proteins?	γ-tubulin only.
Microvilli contain ________.	Actin microfilaments organized in a parallel array.
Myosin II generates force by linking the energy from ATP hydrolysis to movement of a lever arm that connects the head and the coiled-coil tail.	True
Dynein generates force by linking the energy from ATP hydrolysis to rotation of its ring-shaped head domain that, in turn , shifts the position of the stalk domain that connects dynein to a microtubule	True
All known kinesins move from the – end of microtubules to the + end	False
All known dyneins move from the + end of microtubules to the – end.	True
.For both myosin II and kinesin I, the force strokes and ATP/ADP binding/hydrolysis cycles of the two heads are tightly coordinated with each other	False
In cilia and flagella, dynein functions to slide adjacent microtubules past one another	False
Actin filaments in lamellapodia are organized in web-like arrays.	True
Actin filaments in lamellapodia are nucleated mostly by Arp2/3 complexes.	True
Myosin promotes movement of lamellapodia by helping pull the trailing edge of the cell forward.	True
Motor proteins that can move along microtubules include	Kinesin and dynein
Which of the following statements about myosins is true	All myosins have motor head domains that can bind and hydrolyze ATP.
Which of the following statements about myosin II is true?	Myosin II=2 heavy chains, four light chains; Myosin II has 2 motor head domains and 1 coiled-coil tail domain. In muscle cells myosin II= thick fibers that contain numerous dimers. Binding to ATP causes myosin II to dissociate from an actin filament.
“Cocking” of the myosin II head domain is caused by:	Hydrolysis of ATP without release of either ADP or Pi.
Which form(s) of myosin II binds tightly to the actin filament	The form bound to ADP but not Pi. The form with no ATP, ADP or Pi.
The force-generating stroke of the myosin II head is accompanied by:	Dissociation of ADP.
During movement of kinesin I along a microtubule,	2 heads walk in – to + direction. 1=always attached to microt. Exchange ADP/ATP in leading head causes associated linker region-->conformational shift;pulls molecule forward. Hydrolysis of ATP/release of Pi by the trailing head=dissociate frommicrotubule
In non-muscle cells, phosphorylation of the light chains of myosin II by MLCK leads to:	unfolding and straightening of the tail region.
In muscle cells, myosin thick filaments are anchored in the sarcomere by binding to:	Titin
The actin filaments of muscle cells are:	Capped at the – end by tropomodulin and the + end by Cap Z
Unlike most of the cilium or flagellum, the basal body:	Lacks any central microtubules.
In muscle sarcomeres, the length of each actin filament is determined by:	The length of the nebulin protein.
The length of a sarcomere:	d. gets shorter as the muscle contracts. e. Is equal to the distance between adjacent Z lines
The role of cofilin in lamellapodia is:	To promote disassembly of actin filaments at the – ends.
In muscle cells, transverse (T) tubules are:	Invaginations of the cell membranes.
In a muscle cell, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is:	a. A membranous sheath that surrounds each myofibril. b. A specialized form of the endoplasmic reticulum. c. A repository of Ca2+ ions that can be released into the cytosol to trigger muscle contraction.
Ca2+ regulates muscle contraction by binding to:	Troponin C
In stimulation of muscle cell contraction, binding of Ca2+ leads to a shift in position of _____ on _____.	Tropomyosin, actin filaments
A typical cilium or flagellum contains ________ complete microtubules and ________ partial microtubules.	11, 9
The dynein arms of an axoneme are anchored in ________ of one microtubule doublet and interact with _______ during the powerstroke.	The A microtubule, the B microtubule of the adjacent microtubule doublet.
The forward edge of a lamellopodium advances because of pressure on the cell membrane caused by	Growth of actin filament + ends.

Created by: baverwat

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