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PC - Ch 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Processes underlying the way in which we interpret and try to comprehend social events are known as _________ ________. | social cognition |
| Processes through which we interpret other people's behaviors and their underlying causes are known as ________ ________. | causal attribution |
| _______ ________ involve factors external to a person while ______ ______ focus on factors that are internal to a person. | situational attributions; dispositional attributions |
| In assigning attributions to others' behaviors, people are strongly _______ by factors such as the culture they live in. | biased |
| ________ cultures emphasize the rights, needs, and preferences of the individual, while ________ cultures focus on maintaining the norms, standards, and traditions of families and other social groups. | 5. individualist; collectivists |
| The tendency to ascribe others' behaviors to dispositional rather than situation forces is known as the ______ _______ ______. | fundamental attribution error |
| The fundamental attribution error is common in _______ cultures, but virtually absent in _________ cultures. | individualistic; collectivistics |
| The schemas - also known as ________ _________ _____ __________ - help us fill int he blanks about who a person is, on the basis of the info available to us, as well as existing beliefs and expectations. | implicit theories of personality |
| Individualistic cultures tend to see personality as ________ over time; collectivist cultures viewed the self as more ________. | stable; malleable |
| Implicit theories of personality make our social perception _______ and generally lead as to valid inferences, but can also learn to _______ so our perception of another person may end up more in line with our preconception than with the facts. | 10. efficient; errors |
| Schemas about the characteristics of whole social groups are known as _________. | stereotypes |
| A negative attitude toward another person based on his group membership which can lead to extreme cruelties and injustices is known as _________. | prejudice |
| The ABCS of prejudices refer to the ______, ______, and _______ components of stereotypes. | affective; behavioral; cognitive |
| Stereotypes may be transmitted _______, such as "you can never trust a ..." as well as transmitted ________ through jokes, caricatures, portrayals in movies; stereotypes may also be formed due to lack of _______ to a certain group. | explicitly; implicitly; exposure |
| The _____-_____ ________ _____ leads us to perceive the members of other groups are more similar to one another than they actually are. | 15. out-group homogeneity effet |
| _________ ________ _________ assess attitudes in terms of latency to respond when faced with associations that are consistent or inconsistent with existing stereotypes. | implicit attitude tests |
| Stereotypes can serve as ________-_________ _______, getting people to act in ways that confirm stereotypes other have of them. | self-fulfilling prophecies |
| When beliefs about a particular group will actually make that action more likely for an individual member of the group, it is known as ________ _________. | stereotype threat |
| The fairly stable, evaluative disposition that makes a person think, feel, or behave positively or negatively about some person/group/social issue is known as an _______. | attitude |
| Attitudes formation may proceed via three different kinds of mechanism, namely _____ and ______ conditioning and ______ _______. | 20. classical; operational; observational learning |
| The _______ route to persuasion involves mental elaboration on issues that matter to us, whereas the _______ route to persuasion is linked to issues of less relevance to us and situations in which we are distracted. | central; peripheral |
| In the central route to persuasion, the ______ and ______ of the message's source matters to us. | credibility; trustworthiness |
| In the central route to persuasion, the _______ of the message matters, while the _______ of the message is more important in the peripheral route to persuasion. | content; context |
| As exemplified in the Robbers Cave study, attitudes may be changed through direct ______ with the target of one's attitude. | experience |
| _______ ________ theory claims that inconsistencies between beliefs and behavior can get people to change their attitudes. | 25. cognitive dissonance |
| ______-_______ theory claims that distress caused by cognitive dissonance is not necessary for attitude change. Instead, we adjust our attitudes in the process of trying to make sense of our own behavior. | self-perception |
| A technique of persuasion, initially used by door-to-door salespeople, in which one first obtains a small concession that then makes it easier to persuade the target to make a subsequent larger concession. This known as _____-___-___-_____ _______. | foot-in-the-door technique |
| While attitudes can change, they tend to be ________. | stable |
| The ways through which other people bring about changes in our behavior is known as ________ ________. | social influence |
| _______ refers to changes in behavior due to implicit or explicit social pressure. | 30. conformity |
| ________ influence refers to our desire to be right, while _______ influence refers to our desire to be liked. | informational; normative |
| We are known to look for validation of our reactions by looking at the behaviors of others, a process known as ______ ______. | social referencing |
| A _________ influence is illustrated when the group's unanimity is broken by one dissenting view. | minority |
| Participants from ________ cultures did conform in Asch's studies, but experienced enormous discomfort as a result, whereas participants from ________ cultures were less distressed about conforming. | individualistic; collectivistic |
| ________ refers to the changes in behavior due to being told to make these changes. | 35. obedience |
| The ________ ________ _________ perspective holds that individual respond to threats and uncertainty by expressing beliefs that help them manage their concerns. | motivated social cognition |
| Seeing another person as the one in _________, _________ the situation to diminish any sense of responsibility, and using a _______ _______ of requests are factors involved in why Milgram's participants were so obedient. | control; reinterpreting; progressive escalation |
| Increasing psychological distance leads to a decrease in a sense of ________. | responsibility |
| Taking steps to make a potential victim seem not human is called _________ _____ ____ _______, which decreases guilt at harming another individual. | dehumanization of the victim |
| _______ refers to changes in behavior due to being asked to do so. | 40. compliance |
| The norm of ________ dictates that we comply with the request of someone who has done something for us in the past. | reciprocity |
| A sales technique that relies on improving an initially modest deal, which is seen as a concession and thereby pulls for reciprocity, is called the ________-_____-_____ _______. | that's-not-all technique |
| The study of mutual influences among people in a group is known as the study of ________ _______. | group dynamics |
| Triplett: ______ ______ ______ (presence of others) uniformly beneficial for one's performance; when task simple/well practiced, presence seem to be _____ ______. When task is complex, presence seem to be ______ ______. | mere presence effect; socially facilitating; socially inhibiting |
| Zajonc argued that the presence of other people increases our level of ________ _______, which strengthens the tendency to perform highly dominant or automatic responses. | 45. bodily arousal |
| The fact that we work less hard when performing tasks in a group is referred to as _____ ______. | social loafing |
| _______ = state in which we lose sense of ourselves as an individual when in context of group; can be produced by being in a _______, wearing a _______ or ________, and having an assigned _______. | deindividuation; crowd; mas; uniform; role |
| The ______ _______ experiment was terminated early because of the role-induced punitive behavior on the part of the "guards". | Stanford Prison |
| The tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than any decision an individual member of that group would have made on his own is known as ______ _______. | group polarization |
| The _______ _________, an example of group polarization, refers to the increased willingness of groups to take risks that individual members would not take on their own. | 50. risky shift |
| The tendency of people to pay more attention to, and more readily accept, info that confirms their views, in comparison to their scrutiny of info that challenges their views, is known as ______ _______, and plays a role in producing group polarization. | confirmation bias |
| The groupthink phenomenon is more likely to occur in groups that are _______, closed to outside influences and facing some external _________. | cohesive; threat |
| Behaviors that help others are called ________ behaviors. | prosocial |
| Two factors involved in the decision to help include our __________ (whether we tend to be helpful overall) and the _________ _________. | personalities; social environment |
| The story of Kitty Genovese, who was murdered in front of numerous witnesses, is an example of the _________ ________. | 55. bystander effect |
| Three factors of in the situation, whether or not the situation is __________, whether or not there are other ________ witnessing the event, and whether or not those other witnesses are ___________, all influence the decision to help. | ambiguous; people (bystandars); familiar |
| Bystander effect factor, _______ _______ created when individuals in group uncertain about what is happening and look to others to weigh their reactions, unaware others' uncertainty. Results = each person takes inactivity of others as cue to do nothing. | pluralistic ignorance |
| Another bystander effect factor, ________ ______ _______, is produced in group when no one thinks its his responsibility to each, each persuaded that someone else will respond to the emergency. | diffusion of responsibility |
| The ________ the group a person is in, or thinks he is in, the less likely he is to come to a stranger's assistance, unless those in the group are ________, in which case the person will be more likely to come to the aid of a stranger. | larger; familiar |
| In helping behavior, the higher the ________ of helping (in terms of physical danger, time, etc), and the smaller the _______ of not helping, the lower the likelihood that someone will help. | 60. costs; costs |
| Some benefits of helping include ________ ________, avoidance of _______, and _________ ________. | social approval; shame (embarassment); sexual attraction |
| People from individualistic cultures are _______ likely to feel they need to help someone compared to people in collectivist cultures. | less |
| Acts of ________ suggest that human behavior is not always selfish. | altruism |
| _______ ________ is an important determinant of attraction. | physical appearance |
| Our tendency to assume that people who have one good trait are likely to have others is called the __________ effect. | 65. halo |
| Increased _________ leads to increased familiarity and liking. | proximity |
| Evidence suggests that ________ on many dimensions is related to attraction and to the longevity of relationships. | similarity (homogamy) |
| Love it thought to consist of three components, namely, _________, __________, and __________. An alternative classification of love identifies two types of love: ________ and ________. | intimacy; passion; commitment; romantic (passionate); companionate |
| _______ tend to fall in love more often and more quickly than ________ do, and ________ tend to fall out of love more easily than ______ do. | men; women; women; men |
| 2 elements of romantic love = state of _______ ______ and a set of _______ and ______ that leaves person to interpret arousal as passion. Arousal may be caused by _____- _____ and also by other forms of stimulation, like _______,_____, and _____. | 70. physiological arousal; beliefs; attitudes; erotic excitement; fear; pain; anxiety |
| Parental opposition tends to intensity a couple's romantic passion, a phenomenon known as the ________-__________-_______ effect. | Romeo-and-Juliet |
| Different cultures have different conceptions of love; ________ cultures emphasize loyalty in a relationship, whereas _________ cultures place a high premium on romantic love. | collectivistic; individualistic |
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jessieli91770