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A&P Chapter 7-8 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscle cells are found in | every organ and tissue in the body |
| Muscle cells are participate in | every activity that requires movement |
| Muscle cells compromise how much of the body mass? | Nearly half |
| Skeletal muscle cells | attach to the skeleton and give us strength and mobility (40% male body weight and 32% female body weight) |
| Cardiac muscle cells | keep the heart pumping |
| Smooth muscle cells | make up the vaginal walls and digestive tract |
| The functions of muscle are | to produce movement, resist movement, generate tension, and generate heat |
| Contraction of our skeletal muscles in responsible for | over ¾ of all heat generated by the body |
| The fundamental feature of the three types of muscle cells is | contraction |
| Excitable muscles | contract in response to a chemical and/or electrical signal from the organ systems |
| Skeletal Muscles interact with | the skeleton and cause bones to move (or prevent from moving) relative to each other |
| How many skeletal muscles are there? | More than 600 |
| Skeletal muscles are often | arranged into pairs or groups |
| Synergistic | muscle group works together to create the same movement |
| Antagonistic | muscles that oppose each other |
| Origin | one end of the muscle that joins to bone and remains relatively closer to the midline of the body |
| Insertion | attaches to another bone across a joint |
| In contraction | the insertion is pulled toward the origin |
| Muscle | group of individual muscle cells with same origin, insertion, and function |
| Fascicles | bundles enclosed in a sheath of fibrous connective tissue (muscle fiber) |
| Tendons | at the end of the muscle (attach muscle to bone) |
| The muscle cell is | tube-shaped, larger and longer than most other human cells |
| The muscle cell contains | Contains more than one nucleus and myofibrils (long, cylindrical structures arranged in parallel) |
| Myofibrils have a | striated (banded) appearance |
| The Z-line is | a dark line which appears on myofibrils |
| Sarcomere | segment of a myofibril from one Z-line to the next |
| A sarcomere works to contract a muscle by | relying on the interaction between two types of protein filaments; myosin and actin |
| A skeletal muscle contracts after | being activated by a nerve, which increases with the concentration of calcium in the vicinity of myosin and actin, the presence of calcium permits contraction and absence prevents it, and contraction ends when a muscle cell is no longer stimulated |
| Motor neurons | stimulate skeletal muscle |
| Secretion of a chemical substance | acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) (excites or inhibits another excitable cell) |
| ATP | direct energy source |
| Creatine phosphate | converted quickly to ATP |
| Glycogen | depends on the presence of oxygen |
| Aerobic metabolism | high yield ATP |
| Muscle fatigue | A decline in muscle performance during sustained exercise |
| Muscle fatigue can be caused by: | Lack of sufficient ATP Psychological factors Discomfort Boredom |
| Isotonic | contractions occur whenever a muscle shortens while maintaining a constant force (Move an object, Moves the skeleton) |
| Isometric | force is generated, muscle tension increases, bones and objects do not move (Lifting an object that’s too heavy) |
| Muscle cells are completely under the control of their | motor neuron (nerve cell that controls the muscle cell (affects movement) |
| Strength training: | Strengthens specific muscles (resistance) Short, intense exercise Increases muscle cell size Does not increase number of muscle cells |
| Aerobic training | body increases oxygen intake to meet the increased demand for oxygen by muscles Builds endurance Increase mitochondria in muscle cell Increase myoglobin to store oxygen Improved cardiovascular and respiratory system |
| SPEED - Skeletal muscle | fastest |
| SPEED - Cardiac muscle | moderate speed |
| SPEED - Smooth muscle | very slow |
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | Too much calcium enters the muscle cell Lack dystrophin Increased calcium activates an enzyme that damages muscle proteins and kills the cell Results in loss of muscle fiber and muscle wasting Usually die before age 30 |
| Tetanus | Bacterial infection = toxin that results in overstimulation of nerves controlling muscle activity Results = jaw muscles contract so forcefully jaw seems locked shut Death could result due to exhaustion or respiratory failure |
| Muscle Cramp | Painful, uncontrollable, reflex mediated Caused by dehydration and ion imbalances that occur with heavy exercise Shift in potassium ions Answer = increase gentle stretching and massage |
| Pulled Muscle | Usual result = torn muscle caused from stretching a muscle too far, causing a muscle to tear Internal bleeding Swelling Pain |
| The Integumentary System includes | Skin and all its accessory components: Hair Nails Associated glands Sweat and sebaceous glands |
| Skin is | First line of defense Intact skin is the best protection from most infections. Helps keep the body from drying out Weighs twice as much as the brain Largest organ (approx 20# in adult) |
| 3 main Layers of the Skin | Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous fascia (hypodermis) |
| Epidermis | The layer of skin we see |
| Avascular | contains no nerve cells |
| Cells of the this surface level are constantly shedding replaced with new cells from the | stratum basale –deeper layer of epidermis |
| As cells push towards the surface, they die and fill up with protein | Keratin |
| Stratum corneum | the outer most surface of the skin composed of dead cells |
| Melanocytes | specialized cells located deep in the epidermis are responsible for skin color. |
| Albinism | condition in which individual has very little pigment in their skin, hair and eyes. Inherited genes that do not allow their body to produce the usual amounts of melanin May be at higher risk for vision problems and greater risk for skin cancer. |
| Dermis | Layer right below the epidermis layer – also called corium (also known as “true skin”). |
| Sweat and Sebaceous Glands are | Part of the dermis Distributed over the entire skin surface Large numbers under the arms In the palms On the soles of feet On the forehead |
| Apocrine glands | sweat glands secrete at the hair follicles in the groin, anal region, and the armpits; Usually more active around puberty and believed to act as a sexual attractant |
| Eccrine glands | sweat glands are important in the regulation of body temperature.; Found in greater numbers on the palms, feet, forehead and upper lip; Activated by heat, pain, fever, and nervousness |
| Sebaceous Glands | Important role by secreting oil (sebum) – keeps the skin from drying out; Found in hair covered areas; Also found in areas such as eyelids, penis, labia minora, and nipples. |
| Subcutaneous Fascia | Inner most layer- composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and fatty tissue Contains Lipocytes – fat cells |
| Lipocytes | Fat cells |
| Infections of the Skin | Herpes Chickenpox – herpes varicella Airborne particles or direct contact Herpes zoster – shingles Painful condition Follow a spinal nerve pathway Adult version of chickenpox |
| Fibroblasts | cells that can develop into connective tissue Heals skin by Begin to pull edges of a wound together. Basal level of the epidermis begins to hyperproduce new cells for the repair of the wound. |
| Keloid | “scar gone wild” a mass of scar tissue that has a raised, firm, irregular shape Over production of connective tissue at the effected area. |
| First degree burn | Damages only the epidermis |
| Second degree burn | Entire depth of the epidermis and a portion of the dermis |
| Third degree burn | Effect all three of the skin layers (full thickness burns) |
| Fourth degree burn | Penetrate to the bone |
Created by:
DiscordianDissector