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Dev. Psych
Dev. Psych Chapter 2-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Stranger Anxiety? | Caution and wariness displayed when encountering an unfamiliar person Common after 6 months |
| Separation Anxiety | Distress shown by infants when family departs 7-8 months peaks at 14 months |
| Attachment | The + social bond that develops between a child and another individual |
| What parts of Erikson's Theory of psychosocial dev. regard infant dev | Trust vs. Mistrust first 18 months Autonomy vs. Shame (18 months-3 yrs.) |
| Erikson's Stages | Trust: Sense of hope and success Mistrust: Sense of harsh, unfriendly world Autonomy: Sense of independence Shame and Doubt: sense of self-doubt and unhappiness |
| Differences that emerge about Gender Roles at certain ages | Age 1: Able to distinguish between males and females Age 2: Boys behave more independently and less compliantly than girls |
| With Regards to weight differences in preschool children, what is meant by the phrase, "Average mask great individual differences in height and weight?" | 10% of 6 yr. 55 lbs. or more and 10% are 36 lbs. or less |
| Mose prevalent nutritional problem in developed countries, what causes it? | Iron deficiency, no nutrition value |
| Three Factors that contribute to injuries in preschool-aged kids | High levels of physical activity Curiosity Lack of Judgment |
| Three individual differences increase children's susceptibility to being injured? | Gender Culture Socioeconomic |
| Lead poisoning Facts | 14 million children are at risk for lead poisoning Most Hazardous health threat to them |
| 5 - effects linked to lead poisoning | Lower intelligence Problems in verbal and auditory processing Hyperactivity and Distractibility Antisocial behavior Illness and health |
| Ways to alleviate the - effects or lead poisoning | Intellectual stimulation can offset the effects of lead on cognitive deficits |
| Two approaches to potty training | Brazelton: Be flexible, advocates waiting for signs of readiness to appear Rosemond: Rigid advocating quick and early training Brazelton's Approach is recommended |
| Historically Happened to age in which children are now being potty trained | 92% trained by 18 months in 1957 25% trained by 18 months in 2007 |
| Signs that child is "ready" to be potty trained | Ability to get in bathroom and undress in time Discomfort with Diapers Asking to us Toilet Desire to use Underwear |
| Piaget's Pre-operational Stage | The Stage in Which the children't use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases Move from total reliance on sensorimotor activity to representing events eternally |
| Symbolic Function | Ability to use a mental symbol for something that is not physically there |
| Centration | The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects |
| Conservation | The knowledge that quality is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects |
| Egocentrism | Lack of Awareness that others see things from a different point of physical perspective Failure to realize that other may hold thoughts, feelings, and points of view that differ from theirs. |
| What is +/- about Piaget's Approach? | + is accurate in time frame - but not instantaneous |
| Preschooler memories | Typically accurate in responses to open-ended ?'s Partially determined by how soon memories are assessed Affected by cultural factors |
| Autobiographical Memory | Inaccuracy or lack of memories, Infantile amnesia |
| Vygotsky's view of cognitive development | Results from social interactions in which children learn through guided participation Cognition increases through exposure to information that is new enough to be intriguing, but not too difficult is Zone Proximal Development |
| Scaffolding | Support for learning and problem solving-encourage independence and growth Also a part of Vygotsky's view of cognitive Development |
| Fast Mapping | Learn tons of words in a fast time Learn one word every 2 hours of the day |
| American Academy of Pediatrics recommends: | No tv before age 2 After age 2, but has to be high quality-NOT SpongeBob They don't know what is going on in the situation so it's unnecessary |
| Different Forms of Child Care | Child Care Centers: More of a preschool atmosphere Vary on focus-most aimed at social and a emotional Family Care Programs:Usually in Private homes (Not all licensed) |
| Different Forms of Child Care | Preschools: Aimed at intellectual and social experiences, usually 1/2 days (3-5 hours) School-Age Child Care: Provided by local school systems (Better trained people, GOOD) |
| Benefits of Early Education (EE) Programs | Children are more verbally fluent, show memory and comprehension advantages, and achieve higher IQ scores than at-home children Are more self-confident, independent, and knowledgeable about social world |
| Downside of Child Care: | Generally less polite, compliant, respectful of adults More likely to be disruptive in class through 6th grade Poor programs may harm them (Pruning) |
| Benefits of Child Care: | More self-confident, independent, and knowledgeable about social world in which they live than those who do not participate High-quality childcare outside home produces only minor differences |
| Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt Stage | Initiative: Desire to act independently from parent and becoming autonomous Guilt: guilt of unintended consequences resulting in shame and self-doubt Parents are restrict and over-protect |
| Race Dissonance | Minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people |
| Gender identity | Perception of oneself as being male or female |
| Gender Schemes | Cognitive Framework that organizes information relevant to gender More stereotypical thinking than tradition adults |
| Gender Constancy | Belief that people are permanently males and females because of fixed, unchangeable biological factors |
| Three Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Differences | Biological: Inborn, genetic Factors Social Learning: Gender related behavior learned from observation Cognitive: Gender Schemes from lens through which the world is viewed |
| Four Parenting Styles | Authoritarian: Drill Sgt. Value strict, unquestioning obediance Authoritative: Just right, Set firm, clear, consistent limits, allows a disagreement and use of reasoning explanations Uninvolved: Don't care, set few limi |
| Four Parenting Styles | Permissive: Involved with children, Place little or no limits or control on children's behavior |
| What Society does Baumrind's Research relate to? Authoritarian Parents and Permissive Parents | Authoritarian: Withdrawn, socially awkward children Girls are more dependent and boys are usually hostile Permissive: Dependent, moody, low social skilled and low self-control children |
| What Society does Baumrind's Research relate to? Uninvolved Parents And Authoritative Parents | Uninvolved: Emotionally detached, unloved, and insecure children (WORST OFF) Authoritative: Independent, friendly, self-assertive and cooperative |
| Two parenting styles will most likely lead to properly developed children? | Authoritative and Permissive |
| Cycle of Violence Hypothesis | The abuse and neglect children suffer-victims of abuse have learned from their childhood experiences that violence is an appropriate and acceptable form of discipline |
| Psychological Mistreatment | Occurs when parents or other caretakers harm children's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning |
| Moral Development | Childs reasoning about morality, their attitudes toward moral lapses, and their behavior when faced with moral issues |
| Two types of aggression | Instrumental Aggression: Motivated by desire to obtain a concrete goal higher in boys than girls Relational Aggression: Intended to hurt another person's feeling through non-physical means Higher in girls than boys |
| For Suggestions that increase moral dev. and decrease Aggression | Provide opportunities to observe others acting helpful, cooperative Don't ignore aggressive behavior Help Preschoolers devise alternative explanations for others behavior Monitor preschoolers' TV viewing, particularly the violence |
| Middle Childhood | Only time girls are taller than boys |
| Benefits of adequate nutrition | More peer involvement More + emotions Less Anxiety More eagerness to explore new environments More persistent in frustrating situations Generally higher energy levels Cognitive Development |
| Nutrition can influence Cognitive development | Malnutrition may dampen curiosity, responsiveness and motivation to learn |
| % Of kids considered obese? | 15% |
| Common Causes of Obesity | Genetic Factors Lack of Physical Activity Unhealthy Eating Patterns Combination of these factors Some some by Medications |
| What's happening to child obesity rates in U.S.? | It's increasing while lifespan is decreasing |
| Gender Differences in motor skills? | Boys play more sports and girl gossip |
| Portion of kids with some psychological disorder that causes at least some impairment | 1/5 |
| % of kids experience depression/anxiety disorder | 5% Preteen 13% 9-17 year olds |
| Learning Disabilities | Difficulties in learning, reading, writing, listening, speaking....ect |
| How many children in U.S. have an LD | 2.8 million |
| Most common symptoms associated with ADHD | Persistant difficulty in finishing tasks Finishing Instructions Organizing |
| Three Treatments for ADHD | Ritalin Dexedrine Diet Behavioral Therapy |
| Piaget's Concrete Operations Stage | 7-12 Years old Characterized by active and appropriate use of Logic |
Created by:
jmorriso