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Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The urinary system consists of what 4 major parts? | Kidney, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra |
| ____ - Area for the formation of urine? | Kidney |
| ____ ____ - Provides a temporary reservoir for urine? | Urinary bladder |
| ____ - Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder? | Ureters |
| ____ - Transports urine from the blader out of the body? | Urethra |
| Which kidney is lower? Why? | Right; Liver pressing down on it |
| Sitting on the superior end of each kidney is the ____ ____? | Adrenal gland |
| (T/F) The kidney's lie in the peritoneal space? | False - Retroperitoneal space |
| Each kidney extends approx from T___ to L___? | T12 - L3 |
| (T/F) The kidney's receive some protection from the lower part of the rib cage? | True |
| The ____ ____, an outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney and the adrenal gland to surrounding structures? | Renal fascia |
| What are the dimensions of the kidney? | 12 x 6 x 3 cm |
| What is the most superficial region of the kidney. It is light in color and has a granular appearence? | Renal cortex |
| What is the area of the kidney that is deep to the cortex, it is darker reddish brown color? | Renal medulla |
| The renal medulla contains cone-shaped tissue masses called? | Renal pyramids |
| The ____ ____ is the apex of the renal pyramid which projects into the lumen of a clayx of the kidney and through which collecting tubules discharge urine? | Renal papilla |
| The point on the medial side of each kidney where the renal artery and nerves enter and the renal vein and ureter exit is called? | Renal Hilum |
| The cavity formed by the hilum that is filled with fat and connective tissue is called? | Renal Sinus |
| The medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids is called? | Renal column |
| A funnel-shaped tube, is continuous with the ureter leaving the hilum is called? | Renal pelvis |
| What are the two or three branching extensions of the pelvis? | Major calyces |
| What are the subdivisions of the major calyces? | Minor calyces |
| The ____ collect urine, which drains continuously from the papillae, and empty in into the renal pelvis? | Calyces |
| What is the vessel that delivers 1/4 of the total cardiac output to the kidneys each minute? | Renal artery |
| As each renal artery approaches the kidney, it divides into five vessels called? | Segmental arteries |
| The segmental arteries divide to form vessels called? | Interlobar arteries |
| At the medulla - cortex junction, the interlobar arteries branch into the ____ ____ that arch over the bases of the medullary pyramids? | Arcuate arteries |
| The small vessels that radiate outward from the arcuate arteries to supply the cortical tissue are called? | Cortical radiate arteries |
| What is another name for cortical radiate arteries? | Interlobular arteries |
| The cup shape area that encloses the papillae that collects urine? | Minor calyces |
| How many minor calyces are there in each kidney? | 2-3 |
| The minor calyces come together to form what? | Major calyces |
| The major calyces come together to form what? | Renal pelvis |
| The portion of the kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and the renal cortex above it is called? | Renal lobe |
| What are the structural and functional units that form urine? | Nephrons |
| How many nephrons are in each kidney? | 1 million |
| What are the two main parts of the nephron? | Renal corpuscle, renal tubule |
| What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus, glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) |
| What is the name of the vessel that carries blood into the glomerulus of the nephron? | Afferent arteriole |
| What is the name of the vessel that carries blood away from the glomerulus? | Efferent arteriole |
| Which is larger: afferent arteriole or efferent arteriole? | Afferent arteriole |
| The ____ is a tangled cluster of blood capillaries that form the inside of the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus |
| What is the outer layer of the renal corpuscle that surrounds the glomerulus? | Bowman's capsule |
| How many layers compose the Bowman's capsule? | Two |
| Which layer (parieta/visceral) of the Bowman's capsule is made up of simple squamous epithelium? | Parietal |
| What makes the visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule different from the parietal layer? | Visceral layer contains podocytes |
| What is the name of the space between the parietal and visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule? | Bowman's space |
| What are the three major parts of the renal tubule? | 1.Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) 2.loop of Henle 3.distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
| The ____ ____ ____ (___) is elaborately coiled and leaves the glomerular capsule? | Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
| Following the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the hairpin section called ____ ____ ____? | Loop of Henle |
| What are the two parts of the loop of Henle? | Ascending, descending |
| (T/F) There are thich and thin segments of the loop of Henle? | True |
| What is the name of the coiled section following the loop of Henle? | Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
| The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) opens to the ____ ____? | Collecting duct |
| What is the first stage of urine formation called? | Filtration |
| ___% of the nephrons are located in the ____ of the kidney and are called ____ ____? | 85%; cortex; cortical nephrons |
| Where are the remainder of nephrons not in the cortex located? What are they called? | Cortex-medulla junction; Juxtamedullary nephrons |
| The juxtamedullary nephrons play what important role? | The kidneys ability to produce concentrated urine |
| (T/F) Juxtamedullary nephrons have less extensive loops of Henle than cortical nephrons? | False - More extensive |
| The renal tubule of every nephron is closely associated with what two capillary beds? | Glomerulus, peritubular capillaries |
| The peritubular capillaries arise from the efferent arterioles in the (cortical/juxtamedullary) nephrons? | Cortical |
| The vasa recta arise from the efferent arterioles in the (cortical/juxtamedullary) nephrons? | Juxtamedullary |
| Each glomerulus is fed by an ____ arteriole? | Afferent |
| Each glomerulus is drained by an ____ arteriole? | Efferent |
| Blood pressure in the glomerulus is (high/low)? | High |
| Each nephron has a region called a ____ ____ (___), where the most distal portion of the ascending loop of Henle lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus? | Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) consists of what two cells? | 1.granular cells 2. macula densa |
| Granular cells are found in the wall of (afferent/efferent) arterioles? | Afferent |
| Granular cells have secretory granules containing ____? | Renin |
| (T/F) Grnaular cells are sensitive to blood pressure changes? | True |
| What is another name for grnaular cells? | Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells |
| Where are macula densa cells located? | Adjacent to JG cells |
| Macula densa cells are sensitive to ____ concentration in filtrate? | NaCl |
| What is the filtration membrane? | It is a porous membrane that allows free passage of water and solutes smaller than plasma proteins |
| Where is the filtration membrane located? | Between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule |
| The filtration membrane is made up of how many layers? | 3 |
| What are the three layers of the filtration membrane? | 1.Fenestrated endothelium 2.basement membrane 3.podocytes |
| Secretion is the (first/second/third) step of urine formation? | Third |
| Glomerular filtration is the (first/second/third) step of urine formation? | First |
| Tubular reabsorption is the (first/second/third) step of urine formation? | Second |
| In the filtration membrane, what are the areas between the podocytes called? | Filtration slits |
| What is the name of the muscle that lines the urinary bladder? | Detrusor Muscle |
| What is the length of the female urethra? | 3-4cm |
| What is the length of the male urethra? | 20cm |
| Juest below the urinary bladder (in males) what is the name of the gland the urethra passes through? | Prostate |
| (In males) what is the name of the section of urethra that passes through the prostate? | Prostatic Urethra |
| As the urethra passes the pelvic diaphragm it is called the ____ urethra? | Membranous |
| The remaining "s-shaped" urethra is calle the ____ urethra or ____ urethra? | Spongy; penile |
| What is the name of the thick folds that line the inside of the urinary bladder? | Rugae |
| What is the name of the smooth triangular region at the base of the bladder? | Trigone |
| What are the two urinary sphincters called? | 1.Internal urethral sphincter 2.External urethral sphincter |
| The ____ sphincter is involuntary? The ____ sphincter is voluntary? | Internal; external |
| The internal sphincter is made up of ____ muscle, which makes it involuntary? | Smooth |
| The external sphincter is made up of ____ muscle, which makes it voluntary? | Skeletol |
| The nephron consists of the rounded protion called the ____? | Corpuscle |
| (T/F) Removing toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions in urine is a function of the kidneys? | True |
| (T/F)Regulatingblood volume and blood pressure is not a function of the kidneys? | False-It is |
| (T/F) Maintaining acid base balance is not a function of the kidneys? | False-It is |
| (T/F) Maintaining electrolyte balance is a function of the kidneys? | True |
| (T/F) The kidneys play a role in erythropoiesis (process of producing RBC's)? | True |
| What are the three nitrogenous waste products that are removed? | 1.Urea 2.Uric acid 3.Creatinine |
| Urea is an end product of ____? | Protein |
| Where is creatinine coming from? | Creatine from the muscles |
| (T/F) Glomerular filtration is the filtration of plasma? | True |
| Glomerular filtration is an (active/passive) process? | Passive |
| Glomerular filtration is dependent on the ____ ____ ____ (___)? | Net filtration pressure (NFP) |
| ____ ____ ____ (___) is responsible for filtrate formation, involves forces acting at the glomerular bed? | Net filtration pressure (NFP) |
| What are the two forces determining glomerular filtration and filtration pressure? | 1.Glomerular hydrostatic(blood) pressure 2.Colloid osmotic pressure |
| Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) which is essentially glomerular blood pressure, is the cheif force (pushing/pulling) water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane? | Pushing |
| The colloid osmotic pressure (pushes/pulls) filtrate into the tubule? | Pulls |
| The kidneys produce ___L of filtrate a day? | 180L |
| The filtration rete is ___ml/min? | 125ml/min |
| ____ ____ ____ (___) is the total volume of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys (125ml/min)? | Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
| Why is the glomerulus more efficient than any other capillary bed? (two reasons) | 1.Higher surface area and more permeable 2.Higher blood pressure |
| (T/F) Blood cells and plasma proteins are filtered out? | False - They are not filtered out |
| What is the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure? (Pushing force) | HPg = 55mmHg |
| What is the colloid osmotic pressure? (Pulling force) | OPg = 30mmHg |
| What is the capsular hydrostatic pressure?(In the Bowman's space) (Pulling force) | HPc = 15mmHg |
| What is the formula to find the net filtration pressure (NFP)? | NFP = HPg - (OPg+HPc) ex: 55mmHg -(30mmHg+15mmHg) = 10mmHg |
| (T/F) Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure is the driving force for filtration? | True |
| ____ ____ ____ (___) is the total volume of filtrate per minute by the kidneys (nephrons)? | Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) |
| What is a normal GFR? | 120-125 ml/min |
| What will happen to the GFR of a person that donates a kidney? | It will be cut exactly in half |
| Any change in the three pressures (colloidal osmotic pressure, capillary blood pressure, hydrstatic pressure in the capsule) influences ____ & therefore ____? | NFP; GFR |
| Changes in GFR normally result from changes in ____ ____ ____? | Glomerular blood pressure |
| What would happen to GFR if the glomerular bloood pressure increases? | GFR - increase |
| What will happen to CFR if the glomerular blood pressure decreases? | CFR - decrease |
| What would happen to glomerular blood pressure if the afferent arteriole is dilated? | It will increase b/c more blood is rushing in |
| What would happen to glomerular blood pressure if the afferent arteriole contstricts? | Decrease |
| (T/F) Regulation of glomerular filtration is both intrinsic and extrinsic? | True |
| Where is the intrinsic system located? | Kidneys |
| What is the function of the renal intrinsic system? | Control GFR when there are changes in systemic blood pressure |
| The renal intrinsic system only functions within a certain range, what is the range? | Below MAP 80mmHg, Above MAP 180mmHg |
| What are the two types of renal autoregulation (intrinsic system)? | 1.Myogenic mechanism 2.Tubuloglomerular feedback |
| ____ mechanism - Reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched? | Myogenic |
| Increasing systemic blood pressure causes afferent arterioles to (constrict/dilate)? | Constrict |
| Declining systemic blood pressure causes (constriction/dilation) of afferent arterioles? | Dilation |
| ____ ____ mechanism is "directed" by the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | Tubuloglomerular Feedback |
| (T/F) Under normal conditions, renal autoregulation maintains a constant GFR despite fluctuations in BP? | True |
| Myogenic-(VC/VD) of afferent arteriole in response to increase in BP? | VC |
| Myogenic - (VC/VD) of afferent arteriole in response to fall in BP? | VD |
| Tubuloglomerular feedback - The macula densa cells of JGA respond to (NaCl/K) concentration in the filtrate? | NaCl |
| (Intrinsic/extrinsic) - Purpose if to regulate BP in the kidney? | Intrinsic |
| (Intrinsic/extrinsic) - Purpose is to maintain systemic BP? | Extrinsic |
| Extrinsic is controlled by (sympathetic/parasympathetic) NS? | Sympathetic |
| Under stress the extrinsic system releases norepinephrine & epinephrine to cause (VC/VD) of afferent arterioles to shunt blood to vital organs? This causes (rise/fall) in GFR? | VC; fall |
| The sympathetic NS also stimulates the ____ - ____ mechanism? | Renin-angiotension |
| When the renin-angiotension mechanism is triggered, the JG cells release ____? | Renin |
| When renin is released it is converted to ____? | Angiotensinogen |
| Angiotensnogen is converted to ____ which is then converted to ____? | Angiotensin I; Angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II is a very strong (VC/VD) | VC |
| Angiotensin II will act on the adrenal cortex, which will release the hormone ____? | Aldosterone |
| Aldosterone will cause a retention of what two things, which will (raise/lower) BP? | Na,water; raise |
| Along with aldosterone, angiotensin II will stimulate the releasee of ____, which will (raise/lower) blood volume? | ADH; raise |
| Everything is filtered from the blood except what two things? | Plasma proteins, blood cells |
| What is the second stae of urine formation? | Tubular Reabsorption |
| Where does most of the tubular reabsorption occur? | PCT's - proximal convoluted tubules |
| At the PCT's what is present to increase surface area? | Microvilli |
| (T/F) At tubular reabsorption all glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed? | True |
| How is water and ion absorption determined? | Need of the body |
| (T/F) Reabsorption is only a passive process? | False - Can be active (requiring ATP) or passive |
| Sodium reabsorption is an (active/passive) transport? | Active |
| Sodium enter the tubule cells at the ____ membrane? | Luminal |
| Sodium is actively transported out of the tubules by a ____? | Na+K+ ATPase pump |
| Once Na+ is actively pumped out of the tubules, it is reabsorbed by ____ ____? | Peritubular capillaries |
| (T/F) Sodium reabsorption is responsible for the reabsorption of many other solutes, such as Cl-, HCO3, urea, fatty acids, glucose? | True |
| Water moves by osmosis through water-filled pores called ____ in PCT? | Aquaporins |
| What is it called when water moves by osmosis through water-filled pores called aquaporins in PCT? | obligatory water resabsorption |
| Urea, fat-soluble substances move down their concentration gradient as filtrate becomes (more/less) concentrated? | More |
| (T/F) - Organic nutrients (glucose, amino acids) are co-transported with Na by carriers? | True |
| ____ ____ (___) - The maximum reabsorption rate, i.e. rate when all the carriers are saturated - in mg/min? | transport maximum (Tm) |
| When all the carriers are saturated, how is the excess of that substance removed? | excreted in urine |
| Tm is common in DM, why? | Due to hyperglycemia, when all carriers are saturated glucose starts appearing in urine. |
| What are three reasons why substances are not reabsorbed? | 1.Lack carriers 2.not lipid soluble 3. too large |
| Is creatinine reabsorbed? | no |
| Why is creatinine not reabsorbed? | It is a large lipid insoluble molecule |
| (T/F) Blood levels of creatinine are a good index of GFR and renal function? | true |
| Which section of the renal tubule is the major site of reabsorption? | PCT - proximal convoluted tubule |
| What two things are reabsorbed completely at the PCT? | Glucose, amino acids |
| Approx 65% of what three things are absorbed at the PCT? | Na+, Cl-, H2O |
| (T/F) K+, bicarb, urea, uric acid are not absorbed at the PCT? | False - they are |
| (T/F) In the loop of Henle, this is the first time that water reabsorption is not coupled with solute reabsorption? | True |
| In the descending loop of Henle, ____ is absorbed and ____ are not? | H2O; solutes |
| In the ascending loop of Henle ____ are absorbed and ____ is not? | solutes (Na+, Cl-, K+); H2O |
| Reabsorption in the DCT and collecting duct depends on __________ and is regulated by ____? | need of the body; hormones |
| Any absorption of Na+ at the DCT and collecting duct is dependent on the hormone ____? | aldosterone |
| Any absorption of H2O at the DCT and collecting duct is dependent on the hormone ____? | ADH |
| (T/F) Normally water is impermeable at the DCT and collecting duct? | True |
| Any absorption of Ca2+ at the DCT and collecting duct is dependent on the hormone ____? | PTH |
| At the DCT and collecting duct, what hormone is responsible for reducing reabsorption of Na+? | ANP |
| (T/F) Tubular secretion is when substances move from the peritubular capillaries or tubule cells into filtrate? | True |
| With the exception of K+, what is the main site of secretion? | PCT |
| The secretion of K+ is dependent on what hormone? | aldosterone |
| (T/F) Tubular secretion is important for disposing of drugs and metabolites? | True |
| Why are drugs and metabolites secreted and not filtered? | B/c they are bound to plasma proteins |
| Tubular secretion is important for controlling blood pH, how? | secreting H+ ions |
| What is being secreted by proximal tubule secretion? | K+, nitrogenous wastes, drug metabolites, H+ ions |
| What organ maintains osmolarity of body fluids at about ___ mOsm/L? This is done by regulating what two aspects of urine? | kidneys; 300 mOsm/L; concentration, volume |
| The maintainence of the osmolarity regulating urine volume and concentration is called ____ mechanism? | countercurrent |
| Where does the countercurrent mechanism take place? | Loops of Henle in the juxtamedullary nephrons |
| What happens to osmolarity the deeper into the kidney? What is the called? | increases; hyperosmotic |
| The solute concentration in the PCT's is ____ mOsm? | 300 |
| The solute concentration in the loop of Henle is ____ mOsm to ____ mOsm? | 300-1200 |
| Why does the solute concentration remain 300 mOsm in the PCT? | b/c Na+ is followed by the reabsorption of H2O |
| The descending loop of Henle is only permeable to (water/solute), the (water/solutes) remain there which causes osmolarity to (increase/decrease)? | water; solutes; increase |
| The ascending loop of Henle is only permeable to (water/solute), the (water/solutes) remain there which causes osmolarity to (increase/decrease)? | solute; water; decrease |
| What is the osmolarity by the time it reaches the DCT/collecting duct? | 100 mOsm |
| What is osmolarity by the time it reaches the bend in the loop of Henle? | 1200 mOsm |
| To produce dilute urine, the abscence of the hormone ____ causes dilute filtrate reaching the collecting duct to simply pass from the kidneys? | ADH |
| The formation of concentrated urine, the hormone ____ is released which acts on the ____ ____ which causes further reabsorption of water? | ADH; collecting duct |
| In the presence of ADH, ____% of the water in filtrate can be reabsorbed? | 99% |
| What is it called when water reabsorption is dependent of ADH? ____ ____ ____ | facultative water reabsorption |
| ____ are chemicals that increase urinary output? | diuretics |
| An ____ diuretic is a substance that is not reabsorbed and that carries water out with it? | osmotic |
| What is a condition that can cause osmotic diuresis? | DM |
| How does alcohol function as a diuretic? | it inhibits the release of ADH |
| How does caffeine and most diuretic drugs work? | inhibit Na+ reabsorption |
| ____ ____ is the volume of plasma that is cleared of a particular substance in a given time? | renal clearence |
| (T/F) Renal clearence is used to determine GFR which can detect renal disease or the progress of renal disease? | true |
| The drug ____ is commonly used to determine renal clearence? Why? | Inulin; it is freely filtered, it is neither reabsorbed or secreted |
| (T/F) Inulin is exactly equal to the rate of GFR? | true |
| What is normal pH of urine? What is the normal pH range of urine? | slightly acidic (pH 6); pH 4.5-8.0 |
| Urine is ___% water and ___% solutes? | 95%; 5% |
| What can happen to the odor of urine if it is left to stand? | develop an ammonia odor |
| ____ ____ gives an idea of how dilute or how concetrated the urine is? | specific gravity |
| What is the range of specific gravity of urine? | 1.001 - 1.035 |
Created by:
kmking