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biochem ch 7
biochem carbohydrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| dihydroxyacetone | monosaccharide ketotriose |
| d-glyceraldehyde | monosaccharide aldotriose |
| most common monosaccharide | hexoses |
| d-glucose | aldohexose |
| d-fructose | ketohexose |
| d-ribose and 2-deoxy-d-ribose | aldopentose |
| D and L are defined in referece to | the configuration of the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group in glyceraldehyde |
| in nature most monosaccharides are D OR L | d |
| d-mannose | aldohexose |
| d-galactose | aldohexose |
| what determins D or L | last chiral center(-OH) fartest away from carboxyl group. where the OH is for us |
| Rib | Ribose pentose aldose |
| Glc | Glucose hexose aldose |
| Man | Mannose hexose aldose |
| Gal | Galactose hexose aldose |
| Glyceraldehyde | triose aldose |
| dhydroxyacetone | triose ketose |
| Fru | Fructose hexose Ketose |
| sugar that differ only in their configuration at one chiral cneter | epimer |
| most sugar form rings by joing a | carbony and alcohol group to to get hemiacetals hemiketals |
| pyranoses | 6 member ring with different conformation 2 chair and boat |
| furanoses | 5 member ring |
| anomers | monosaccharides differeing only in their conFIGURation at the hemiacetal/hemiketal carbon alpha beta |
| mutarotation | interconversion of anomers in aqueious solution at equilibrium (some linear) |
| hexoses derivative | diff structure differ groups attacted and in different placesn-acetyl-b-d-glucosamine |
| haworth perspectives | a-d glucopyroanose b-d-glucopyranose a-d and b-d fructofuranose |
| howorth perspective | show stereochemistry of ring forms of monosaccharides there are different conformation of d-pyranoses adn d-furanoses alpha and beta not different configurations |
| what two polysaccaride are for storage | starch and glycogen |
| in plants and anomeric carbon is in the alapha configurationo | starch |
| unbranched glucose polymer with alapha 1->4 linkage | amylose |
| alpha 1->4 linkage branched every 24-30 branched at alpha 1-6 | amylopectin |
| alpha1 ->4 linkage branched 8-12 using alpha 1-6 | glycogen |
| most abundant polysaccharide in nature | cellulose |
| an unbranched polymer of glucose monomers the anomeric carbon is in the beta configuration | cellulose |
| unbranched polymer of n-acetylglucosamine | chitin |
| 2nd most abundant polysacch | chitin |
| two advantage of storing as polymers rather than monomers | osmolarity and conc. gradient or thermodynamic the insoluable polymer glycogen |
| advantage of branching | quicker degradation by enzymes that attack only non-reducing sugars |
| two heteropolymers | peptidoglycans and glycosaminoglycans |
| hyloranate, chnodron, keratin, heprin are what type of structural heterpolymer | glycosaminolgycans |
| the two heteropolymer have what in common | reapeating diaccharides |
| which polymer has x-links | peptidoglycans |
| found in bateria cell wal | peptidoglycans |
| foudn in fungi cell wall | chitin |
| homo and heter or storage, structural or both | homo both and heter just struct |
| what two polysacc are both polymers of glucose monomers | cellulose and amylose cellulose has beta and amylose has alpha though |
| what are the four types of glycoconjugates | proteoglycans, glycoproteins, glycolipids and lipopolysaccharides |
| what glycoconjugate is made up of glycosaminoglycans and protein | proteoglycans |
| what glycoconjugate is made up of protein and carbohydrate | gycoproteins |
| what glycoconjugate is made up of membrance lipid and oligosaccharide | glycolipids |
| what two places can you find a proteoglycan | cell surface or in ECM |
| structure componet of proteoglycans | one or more glycosaminoglycan chains covalently bound to a core protein |
| what can absorb/release large amounts of water and function as shock absorbers (repeating units and core protein | proteoglycan aggregates *absorb water* |
| glycoproteins are made up of | one or more oligosaccharides |
| which glycoconjagate's carbohydrate components are smaller and more sturctually diverse than proteoglycans | gycoproteins |
| what have many large carbonhydrate components and not a variety | proteoglycans |
| where can you find a glycoprotein | on cell surface or secreted into ECM |
| hormones and lg's are which glycoconjugate | glycoproteins |
| what glycoconjugate is made of a lipid convalently bound to oligosaccharides | glycolipids structure |
| which glycoconjugate is often the binding site for proteins such as blood group determinants | glycolipids |
| dominant surgace feature of gram-negative bacteria | lipopolysaccharides lipid with sugar |
| prime target of anitbodies is which glycoconjugate | lipopolysaccharides |
| lipid in CM convalently bond to oligsaccharide on the outer surface to mark cell | glycolipid |
| how are blood group determinants different | the difference of one monosaccaride. you either have the enzyme or not to have ability to add monosacchride |
| lectins are _____ not carbohydrate | proteins |
| proteins that specifically and strongly bind carbohydrates are | lectins |
| what serves a wide variety of cell-cell recognition and adhesion processes | lectins |
| selectins are a type of lectin found on a cell that will recognize a oligosacharide of another cell | (blank) |
| what part of the cell does a virus bacteria or toxin recognize and attack | the oligosaccaride portion of the glycolipid or glycoprotein toxin attack glycolipid |
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lainylaina
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