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Ch. 8 AP World
Commerce and Culture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In some areas where did wholly new civilizations grow during the third wave civilizations? | new but smaller civilizations arose where none had existed before |
| How were each of the new third-wave civilizations like their predecessors? | featured states, cities, specialized economic roles, sharp class and gender inequalities, and other "elements of civilized life |
| As newcomers what did they borrow heavily from? | larger or more established centers |
| What was the largest, most expansive, and most widely influential of the third-wave civilizations? | Islam |
| What did a quite different, historical pattern during the post-classical millennium involve? | older or classical civilizations that persisted or were reconstructed |
| Where did Islam begin? | Arabia |
| What did Islam project the Arab peoples into? | a prominent role as builders of an enormous empire while offering a new, vigorous, and attractive religion |
| What was Islam viewed as | new civilization defined by religion |
| Where did Islam encompass? | many centers of civilization, including Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, India, and the interior of West Africa and the Coast of East Africa, Spain, southeastern Europe, and more |
| Where was wealth available from? | controlling and taxing trade |
| What, besides goods, made its way along the paths of commerce that brought significant change to their participants? | religious ideas, technologies, and germs |
| What did large-scale empires and long-distance trade facilitate? | spread of ideas, technology, food crops, and germs |
| What did China diffuse through trade? | maintained monopoly on manufacture of raw silk |
| What did India diffuse through trade? | crystallized sugar, system of numeral including zero, techniques for cotton textiles, food crops |
| What did the Arabs diffuse through trade? | spread of Indian innovations |
| What did the Americas/Mesoamerica diffuse through trade? | corn was diffused from Mesoamerica to North America where it stimulated population growth and development of more complex societies |
| What did Eurasia and North America diffuse through trade? | disease, plague, "Black Death" |
| How were goods transported along the Silk Road? | "relay trade", goods were passed down lines, they changed hands many times |
| Why did the Han extend its authority westward? | they sought to control the nomadic Xiongnu and to gain access to the powerful "heavenly horses" that were very important to the Chinese military forces |
| What was silk used for in Central America? | used as currency, means of communicating wealth |
| What was silk used for in China and the Byzantine Empire? | it was a symbol of high status, the government passed a law that restricted silk clothing to members of the elite |
| What religions was it associated with? | Christianity and Buddhism |
| What did the Chinese peasant swap their cultivation of food crops for? | to produce silk, paper, porcelain, etc. that was destined for the markets on the Silk Road |
| What kind of individuals could benefit immensely from long-distance trade? | favorably placed |
| Why did Buddhism appeal to the merchants along the Silk Road? | they preferred its universal message |
| Which area had statues of Buddha that revealed distinctly Greek influences? | northwest of India influenced by invasions of Alexander the Great |
| What did the Greco-Roman figure Herakles used to represent? | Vajrapani - divine protector of the Buddha |
| Gods of many people along the Silk Road were incorporated into what? | Buddhist practice as bodhisattvas |
| After the spread of the Black Death to Europe, what were two economic consequences of the disease? | tenet farmers and urban workers demanded higher wages or better terms, some landowning nobles hurt as price of grains dropped and demands of dependents grew |
| Why did the exchange of diseases give Europeans a certain advantage? | Europeans had a degree of immunity to diseases and native peoples did not, they perished in appalling numbers |
| What did the Indian Ocean trading network connect? | distant peoples all across the Eastern Hemisphere |
| What did the Indian Ocean trading network grow out of? | vast environmental and cultural diversities of the region |
| Where were transportation costs lower? | on the sea |
| Why were transportation cost lower on Sea Roads? | ships could accommodate larger and heavier cargoes |
| What made Indian Ocean commerce possible? | monsoons |
| Sea Roads could eventually carry more... | bulk goods destined for a mass market |
| Why did the tempo of Indian Ocean trade pick up in the era of classical civilizations? | mariners learned how to ride the monsoons |
| What region became the center of the Indian Ocean commercial network? | India |
| What sent Chinese products pouring into circuits of the Indian Ocean trade? | impressive growth of the Chinese economy |
| Changes that occurred in the Arab Empire during the flourishing of the Indian Ocean commerce? | brought together in a single political system an immense range of economies and cultural traditions provided a vast arena for the energies of Muslim traders |
| Changes that occurred in the Middle East during the flourishing of the Indian Ocean commerce? | gold and silver flowed into southern India to purchase pepper, pearls, textures, and gemstones |
| Changes that occurred in the Muslim merchants during the flourishing of the Indian Ocean commerce? | established communities of traders of East Africa to the southern China coast |
| Changes that occurred in Mesopotamia/East Africa during the flourishing of the Indian Ocean commerce? | efforts to reclaim wasteland in Mesopotamia to produce sugar and dates for export stimulated slave trade from East Africa, which landed thousands of Africans in southern Iraq to work on plantations and in salt mines under horrendous conditions |
| What point of the Indian Ocean trade did Srivijaya dominated? | critical choke point |
| In the case of Southeast Asia, why didn't imperial control accompany Indian cultural influence? | matter of voluntary borrowing by independent societies that found Hindu or Buddhist ideas useful and were free to adapt those ideas to their own needs and cultures |
| Trans-African trade was rooted in environmental variation. For instance, the great Sahara held... | deposits of copper and especially salt, while its oases produced sweet and nutritious dates |
| Trans-African trade was rooted in environmental variation. For instance, the savanna grasslands immediately south of the Sahara produced... | grain crops, such as millet and sorghum |
| Trans-African trade was rooted in environmental variation. For instance, the forest areas farther south of the savannah grasslands had... | root and tree crops, such as yams and kola nuts |
| Long distance trade across the Sahara provided... | incentive and resources for the construction of new and larger political structures |
| Sudanic states developed... | substantial urban and commercial centers where traders congregated and goods were exchanged |
Created by:
1213hannahhillard