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Chapter 6
General Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | science of behavior and mental processes. Considered to be a science because psychologists attempt to understand people through careful, controlled observation. |
| Subfields | broad nature of psychology has give rise to subfields. They are related to one another and share the common purpose of understanding behavior. |
| Scientific method | systematic approach applied by psychologists to question the world around them and gain knowledge. Has three steps: identify problem, formulate a rationale, and perform supportive research. |
| Theories | Wide-ranging predictions or explanations of everyday behavior or phenomena. Can show relationships among otherwise unorganized facts. Psychologists usse the "Theories of Personalities" to explain why people do what they do. |
| Hypothesis | prediction that has its origins in theory and is written in such a way to allow for testing and further research. |
| Motivation | closely realted to topic of emotions. This consists of factors that direct and energize behavior of humans and other organisms. |
| Behavior | person's overt actions that others can directly observe, such as walking, speaking, and writing. |
| Mental processes | Private thoughts, emotions, feelings, and motives that others cannot directly observe. Observers can only draw inferences about these. |
| Emotions | Feelings or effects that often have physical as well as cognitive and behavioral elements. |
| Empathy | The experiencing of another person's emotional state by viewing the situation through that person's eyes. commonly stated as "walking in antoher person's shoes" |
| Sympathy | emotion by which the person feels sad for another person, usually because of his or her own identification with the situation. |
| Fear | An emotion that invokes a physiological, cognitive, and behavioral response, such as the fight or flight syndrome. |
| Personality | sum total of the typical ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that makes each person unique. |
| Psychodynamic theory of personality | most important pioneer of the psychodynamic approach was Sigmund Freud. Freud's psychoanalytical theory stated that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality. |
| Unconscious | part of the personality of which a person is not aware and that is a potential determinant of behavior. |
| Freud's mind | division by Frued of the mind into three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. Each part is different but related. |
| The id | one of Freud's personality components, consisting of our basic instincts and our psychic energy. It's unconscious, has no contact with reality and works on the pleasure principle, the impulse to seek pleasure and avoid pain. |
| The ego | personalitiy component based in reality. workds on the reality principle, i.e., the mind's attempt to bring pleasure and sexual impulses, and to balance the impulses of the id with the norms of society. |
| The superego | personality component, not based on reality, that questions whether an act is right or wrong. it's our moral barometer (our conscience). Freud suggested , its part of the personality that represents the rights and wrongs of society |
| Defense mechanisms | coping skills that Freud believed were formed to help the ego reduce anxiety and help a person cope with dialy life. Anxiety occurs because the superego and the id are both unrealistic. |
| Freud's theory on developing personality | The theory is unique in focusing each stage on a major biological function, such as pleasure, in each given period. |
| Carl Jung's theories | based on extroversion, introversion, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. |
| Extroversion | acoording to Jung, the tendency of some individuals to be friendly and open to the world. |
| Introversion | according to Jung, the tendency of some individuals to be shy and to focus their attention on themselves. |
| Personal unconscious | according to Jung, the motives, conflicts, and information that are repressed by a person because they are threatening to that individual. |
| Collective unconscious | according to Jung, the shared content of the unconscious mind with which all humans are born. |
| Humanistic theory of personality | this theory asserts that humans are striving to reach their full potential and that, with encouragement and unconditional positive regard, they can achieve it. |
| Psychological motives | motives that are not directly related to the biological survival of the individual. They are "needs" in the sense that the individual's happiness and well-being depend on these motives. |
| Motive for affiliation | need to be with other people and to have personal relationships |
| Fear of success | fear of the consequences of successs, particularly the envy of others. |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | believed that the basic needs of humans must be met before upper-level functioning can occur. pyramid details how the basics of life are of first concer, and then safety, love, and belonging must be met before humans can begin to become fully actualized. |
| Personality and culture | psychologists are accepting the idea that sociocultural factors, such as ethnicity, race, gender, sexual preference, and physical challenges, are important in understanding human personality |
| Behavioral/learning theory of personality | learning through operant conditioning (consequences cause a change). positive reinforcement is achieved when a reward is given. |
| Adaptation | adjustment of a person's sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to a stimulus. ex: viewing excessive violence over longer period of time does not bring on the same response as during the original sighting. |
| Behavior modification | technique used to promote frequency of a desired behavior while decreasing an undesirable behavior. |
| Biofeedback | process whereby the person learns to control internal physiological systems, such a s blood pressure, pulse, and respirations, by the use of conscious thought. |
| Cognitive theory | theory that a person's emotions are a result of how that person interprets stimuli through his/her belief system. |
| Cognitive developement | process through which an infant becomes an intelligent person, acquiring knowledge with growth and improving his/her ability to think,learn,reason, and abstractJean Piaget demonstrated orderly sequence of this process from early infancy through childhood. |
| Cognition | intellectual processes through which information is obtained, transformed, stored, retrieved, and otherwise used. |
| Language | symboliccode used in communication |
| Intelligence | cognitive abilities of of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well, and to cope with the demands of daily living. |
| Cognitive | pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reasoning, as contrasted with emotional and volitional processes. |
| Cognitive dissonance | tension that occurs when a person holds two conflicting attitudes about the same event. |
| Psychological disorders | mental disorder turbance of thought or emotion. disorder of the brain that results in a disruption in a person's thinking, feeling, moods, and ability to relate to others. |
| Anxiety disorders | psychological disorders that involve excessive levels of negative emotions, such as nervousness, tension, worry, fright, and anxiety; the occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause, affecting daily functioning. |
| Phobias | intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations. |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | experience of long term, persistent anxiety and worry; an uneasy sense of general tension and apprehension that makes the individual highly uncomfortable because of prolonged presence. |
| Panic anxiety disorder | pattern of anxiety in which long periods of calm are broken by an intensely uncomfortable attack of anxiety |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away. |
| Compulsions | irresistible urges to engage in behaviors such as repeatedly touching a spot on on's shoulder or readtedly washing one's hands. |
| Dissociative disorder | involve the apparent, abrupt, and repeadted shifting from one "personality' to another. formerly known as multiple personality |
| Personality disorder | believed to result from personalities that developed improperly during childhood. characteristics: all begin early in life, are disturbing to the person and to others, and are very difficult to treat |
| Somatoform disorders | individual experiences symptoms of health problems that have psychological rather than physical causes. more common in women than in men. take form of chronic and recurrent aches, pains, tiredness, and other symptoms. |
| Hypochondriasis | disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health |
| Conversion disorder | major somatoform disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance, such as inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg. |
| Schizophrenia | psychological disorder involving cognitive disturbances (delusions and hallucinations), disorganization, reduced enjoyment and interests. uncommon disorder that affects about 1% of general population |
| Mania | extended state of intense elation. people feel intense happiness, power, invulnerability, and energy. may become involved in wild schemes, believing they will succeed at anything they attempt. |
| Bipolar disorder | person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings and mania and periods of depression |
| Attention deficit disorder | primarily affecting children and adolescents, characterized by inability to focus attention, leading to behavior problems and learning disabilites. more common in boys than girls, treated with psychotherapy and stimulant drugs. |
| Autism | mental disorder, extreme withdrawal and abnormal absorption in fantasy, accompanied by delusions, hallucinations, and the inability to communicate verbally or otherwise relate to people. |
| Erickson's stages of psychosocial development | believed that as people age, they also go though psychosocial changes. |
| Elizathe Kubler-Ross' stages of death | gave insight into death and dying process. theorized that people pass through five distinct stages when they learn of their impending deaths and expanded it to include death of a loved one. |
| Compliance | provide clear instructions to patients regarding medication sched., maintain good rapport between pt's and medical staff, be honest, keep pt well informed, frame msg in positive manner to help pt with early detect of disease, frame msg in negative manner |
| Stress | person's response to threating or challenging events. |
| Coping with stress | ways that a patient attempts to lessen stress through different strategies, such as defense mechanisms. some may use alcohol or drugs to cope |
| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) | Hans Selye's theory that persons under stress experience the same set of physiological reactions regardless of source of stress. |
| Psychophysoilogical disorders | real medical conditions influenced by physical, emotional, psychological difficulties. |
| Psychophysiological conditions | such as high blood pressure, headaches, backaches, and skin rashes, that may have a link or are worsened by stress or other psychological difficulties. |
| Cataclysmic event stressor | events that happen suddenly and affect many people, simultaneously causing strong stressors for all |
| Personal stressors | Major events in one's personal life. Life events, whether positive or negative, can cause a great deal of stress, such as death of a spouse, losing on'es job, going to war, moving, abuse, having a babay, or getting married. |
| Background stressors | daily annoyances, such as traffic jams, waiting in line, and irritations at work. |
| Uplifts | stress reducers. Minor positive events that can make a person feel good. |
| Mr. Martin has just been told his diagnosis of cancer and probablity that he will not live too long. According to Kubler-Ross' stages of death, what do you expect to hear from patient? | statement of denial |
| Month later, Mr. martin snaps back at receptionish who comments on the nice day. He's very argumentative /annoyed when you try to help him get up from chair. | annoyed because he is dying and is angry |
| Mr. Martin is facing death in his late adulthood and is reviewing his life.l According to Erickson's stages of development, what conflict is he trying to resolve? | Trust vs. mistrust |
| When a person experiences another person's emotional state by viewing it through the other person's eyes, it is known as | Empathy |
| According to Maslow's heirarchy of needs, what is a physical need? | shelter |
| Stress | it can affect the body's ability to fight off illness |
| According to Kubler-Ross, five states of grief include denial, bargaining, depression, anger, and ? | Acceptance |
| Your patient was asked to exercise her neck for 3 min., six times a day. She told medical assistant that she could not do the exercises because she had to go to work. What defense mechanisms is she using? | Rationization |
| A dying patient refuses to eat, visitors, furter medical treatment. According to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, this stage of dying most likely represents | depression |
| While recovering from a major surgical procedure, a 39 yr old man is laid off from hijob. He becomes rude and mean-spirited toward his wife, which is a significant change in his behavior. Which defense mechanisms is this patient exhibiting | Displacement |
| A 38 year old woman has advanced breast cancer becomes extremely upset with family members wehn they even talk about the disease. The patient refuses to talk about the diagnosis and even acts as if she has a minor problem. Wich defense mechanism? | Denial |
| A 74 yr old man has severe gangrene of the right ft/rt lower leg, pt refuses amputation and refuses to stop smoking. | Denial |
| Major depression and bipolar disorder are most characteristic of what psychological condition? | Mood disorder |
| An 18-month old boy temporarily forgets potty traiing when his parents bring his newborn sister home from hospital. Which defense mechanism? | Regression |
| A person with a preoccupation toward inner thoughts and a lack of responsiveness to others has what condition? | Autism |
| What is the most common initial reaction to a permanently disabling injury? | Denial |
| What is a major life event that commonly causes a high level of stress? | Death of a spouse |
| You observed a patient walking slightly bent over and holding his stomach. What would you chart this as? | a behavior |
| An irritable and complaining patient states to you that everyone around him is negative and irritable. You recognize this defense mechanism as? | Projection |
| The patient who holds two conflicting attitudes, such as enjoyment of smoking and knowledge that smoking can cause cancer, is suffering from | cognitive dissonance |
| The terms extroversion, introversion, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious are attributed to | Jung |
| Mrs. S shares with you that she is very upset when she has to wait in line or sit in a traffic jam. you recognize this stressor as | background stressor |
| Psychology is | scientific study of the mind, behaviors, and mental processes |
| Biofeedback is a process that can help a person learn to control | internal physiological systems |
| An aggressive person who becomes a boxer is utilizing the Freudian defense mechanism known as | sublimation |
| Repression | unacceptable impulses are pushed back into the subconscious (rape victim cannot recall crime) |
| Reationalization | self-justifying explanation is substituted for an unacceptable one. (athlete who lost game says "makes you a better player to lose") |
| Projection | Unwanted feelings are attributed to someone else (perosn who has aggressive tendencies accuses other of starting fights) |
| Denial | an anxiety-producing even is not accepted as reality (compulsive gamler refuses to believe his behavior is hurting anyone) |
| Regression | in order to face stress, an earlier developmental period is sought (older sibling starts to suck his thumb when a newborn is brought home) |
| Displacement | Feelings towards an unacceptable object are shifted onto a more acceptable one (father is angry at his boss but canot yell at him, so he yells at his children when he comes home) |
| Sublimation | an unacceptable impulse is replaced by a more acceptable impulse (an aggressive person become a boxer) |
| Reaction formation | an unacceptable motive is changed to the exact opposite (person who fears his violent behavior becomes a religious zealot) |
| Self-actualization | icludes not being dependent an approval of others, being unafraid of failure, and having unselfish motives |
| Self-esteem | is feeling good about the self |
| Love and belongingness | requires being part of something or someone |
| Safety needs | include protection and freedom from fear and anxiety |
| Biological needs | include air, food, water, clothing, and shelter |
| Kubler-Ross' stages of Death | Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance |
Created by:
walton33