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Anatomy Ch. 14.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A typical adult spinal cord ranges between __ and __ centimeters (__ to __ inches) in length. It extends inferiorly from the brain through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the L1. | 42 and 45cm, 16 to 18in |
| The __ __ is the superiormost part of the spinal cord. It is continuous w/the medulla oblongata. The __ __ contains neurons whose axons contribute to the cervical spinal nerves. | cervical part |
| The __ __ lies inferior to the cervical part. It contains the neurons for the thoracic spinal nerves. | thoracic part |
| The __ __ is a shorter segment of the spinal cord that contains the neurons for the lumbar spinal nerves. | lumbar part |
| The __ __ lies inferior to the lumbar part and contains neurons for the sacral spinal nerves. | sacral part |
| The __ __ is the most inferior tip of the spinal cord. One pair of coccygeal spinal nerves arises from this part. | coccygeal part |
| The tapering inferior end of the spinal cord. Marks the "end" of the spinal cord proper. "Cone" shaped end of spinal cord. | conus medullaris |
| Inferior to conus medullaris, nerve roots collectively called __ __ project inferiorly from the spinal cord. These nerve roots are so named b/c they resemble a horse's tail. | cauda equina |
| The spinal cord is associated with __ pairs of spinal nerves. | 31 |
| Spinal nerves are considered __ nerves b/c they contain both sensory axons that relay nerve signals from receptors to CNS and motor axons that conduct nerve signals from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands). | mixed |
| Each spinal nerve is identified by the: | first letter of the spinal cord part to which it attaches combine with a number |
| There are __ cervical nerves called __-__. | 8, C1-C8 |
| There are __ thoracic nerves called __-__. | 12, T1-T12 |
| There are __ lumbar nerves called __-__. | 5, L1-L5 |
| There are __ sacral nerves called __-__. | 5, S1-S5 |
| There is __ coccygeal nerve called __. | 1, Co1 |
| The structures and spaces (both real and potential) that encircle the spinal cord, listed from outermost to innermost, are as follows: | vertebra, epidural space, dura mater, sudural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater |
| The __ __ lies between the dura mater and the inner walls of the vertebra, and houses areolar c.t., blood vessels, and adipose c.t. REAL/TRUE space. (CSF). | epidural space |
| Deep to the epidural space is the most external of the meninges, the __ __. In spinal cord, just one layer. Provides stability to spinal cord. NO split | dura mater |
| A narrow __ __ separates the dura mater form the __ __. This space is found only in tissue preparations, and is a POTENTIAL space. | subdural space, arachnoid mater |
| Deep to the arachnoid mater is the __ __ which is a space fill with CSF. REAL space. | subarachnoid space |
| The __ __, deep to the subarachnoid space, is a delicate, innermost meningeal layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers. The meninx directly adheres to the spinal cord and supports some of the blood vessels supplying the spinal cord. | pia mater |
| Name the two differences between the cranial meninges and the spinal cord meninges. | epidural space in s.c. is real space (CSF), dura mater doesn't split |
| Identify four major nerve plexues and name one of the major nerves created from this plexus. | cervical-phrenic, brachial-radial/ulnar, lumbar-femoral, sacral-sciatic |
| Name the regions of the spinal cord and list the number of spinal nerves found within each region: | cervical 8, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5, coccygeal 1 |
| The external surface of the s.c. has two longitudinal depressions: a narrow groove, the __ (__) __ __, dips internally on the posterior surface; and a slightly wider groove, the __ (__) __ __ is observed on its anterior surface. | posterior (dorsal) median sulcus, anterior (ventral) median fissure |
| Cervical plexus: | Spinal nerves C1-C5; body nerves: phrenic (breathing); function: innervate diaphragm |
| Brachial plexus: | Spinal nerves C5-T1; body nerves: radial/ulnar; function: upper extremity |
| Lumbar plexus: | Spinal nerves L1-L5; body nerves: femoral; function: anterior hip/thigh |
| Sacral plexus: | Spinal nerves L5-S4; body nerves sciatic; function: posterior leg/foot |
| The __ nerve traverses through the axilla and posterior to the surgical neck of the humerus. It innervates both the deltoid and teres minor muscles. Receives sensory nerve signals from the superolateral part of the arm. | axillary |
| The __ nerve travels along the midline of the arm and forearm, and deep to the carpal tunnel in the wrist. It innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles, the thenar muscles, and the lateral two lumbricals. | median |
| The __ nerve receives sensory nerve signals from the palmar side of the lateral 3 and a half fingers (thumb, index finger, middle finger, and lateral one-half of ring finger) and from the dorsal tips of these same fingers. | median |
| The __ nerve travels along the posterior side of the arm and then along the radial side of the forearm. Innervates the posterior arm muscles and the posterior forearm muscles. | radial |
| The __ nerve receives sensory nerve signals from the posterior arm and forearm surface and the dorsolateral side of the hand. | radial |
| The __ nerve descends along the medial side of the arm. It travels posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerous and then runs along the ulnar side of the forearm. Innervates some of the anterior forearm muscles. | ulnar |
| The __ nerve receives sensory nerve signals from the skin of the dorsal and palmar aspects of medial 1 and a half fingers. | ulnar |
| The left and right __ plexuses are formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4 located lateral to the L1-L4 vertebrae and along the psoas major muscle in the posterior abdominal wall. | lumbar |
| The main nerve of the posterior division of the lumbar plexus is the __ nerve. It supplies the anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps femoris, sartorius, and iliopsoas). | femoral |
| This nerve receives sensory nerve signals from anterior and inferomedial thigh as well as medial aspect of leg. | femoral |
| The left and right __ plexuses are formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves L4-S4 and are located immediately inferior to the lumbar plexuses. | sacral |
| The lumbar and sacral plexuses are sometimes considered together as the __ plexus. | lumbosacral |
| The __ nerve also known as the __ nerve, is the largest and longest nerve in the body. It is composed of two divisions. the tibial division and the common fibular division, wrapped in a common sheath. | sciatic, ischiadic |
| The simplest of all reflexes. Sensory axons synapse directly on motor neurons, whose axons project to effector. Interneurons are not involved. Ex) patellar reflex. 1 synapse, 2 neurons. | monosynaptic reflex |
| This reflex has more complex neural pathways that exhibit a number of synapses involving interneurons w/in the reflex arc. Ex) withdrawal reflex. 1 synapse, interneuron. | polysynaptic reflex |
| CNS communicates with the PNS using __ (highway system). | pathways |
| __ pathways start in the CNS and go __ to the peripheries (muscles/organs). | motor, out |
| __ pathways start in the periphery and go __ the CNS. | sensory, into |
| The __ __ in the spinal cord is centrally located and its shape resembles a letter H, or a butterfly. It can be subdivided into components: anterior horns, lateral horns, posterior horns, and gray commissure. Unmyelinated. | gray matter |
| __ __ are the left and right anterior masses of gray matter. Primarily house cell bodies of somatic motor neurons, which innervate skeletal muscle. | anterior horns |
| __ __ are found in the T1-L2 parts of the spinal cord only. It contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons, which innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. | lateral horns |
| __ __ are the left and right posterior masses of gray matter. Contains axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons. | posterior horns |
| The __ __ is a horizontal bar of gray matter that surrounds a narrow central canal. Contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of gray matter. | gray commissure |
| Bundles of CNS axons that travel in white matter of spinal cord. Each __ has a specific function. | tract |
| A __ __ is the neural "wiring" of a single reflex. It begins at a receptor in the PNS, communicates with the CNS, and ends at a peripheral effector (muscle or gland cell). | refelx arc |
| Houses cell bodies of interneurons. | posterior horn |
| Houses cell bodies of motor neurons. | anterior horn |
| Houses cell bodies of autonomic nervous system neurons. | lateral horn |
| All interneurons have myelin. T or F? | false |
Created by:
khinson