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CMA/chpt 5
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microbiology | study of very small living organisms, indluding bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses; often called microbes, germs, or single-cellled organisms |
| Microscope | instrument used to obtain an enlarged image of small object and to reveal details of a structure otherwise not distinguishable. |
| Bac | tiny microscopic entities that are able to carry on all processes of life, including metabolism, reproduction, and motility. Two types: eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
| Saprophyte | organism that obtains its nutrients from dead organic matter. some of these are bacteria and fungi |
| Bacilli | Rod-shaped bacteria, such as anthracis, coliform, tubercle , and typoid |
| Cocci | Spherical bacteria. Pathogenic ? are staphylococci, streptococci, and diplococci |
| Spirilla | Spiral-shaped bacteria |
| Diplococci | any of spherical or coffe-bean-shaped bacteria that usually appear in pairs. |
| Streptobacilli | bacteria in which the rods or filaments tend to fragment into chains. |
| Coccobacilli | short bacilli that are thick and some-what ovoid |
| Characteristics of bacteria | classified according to morphology, motility, growth, staining reactions, metabolic activites, pathogenicity, antigen-antibody reactions, and genetic composition |
| Stain | substance used to impart color to tissue or cells in order to study and identify microscopic organisms |
| Gram's stain | procedure in which bacteria are stained with crystal violet, trated with strong iodine solution, and decolorized with ethanol. |
| Gram positive | microorganisms that retain the stain |
| Gram negative | microorganisms taht lose the crystal violet stain by decolorization but stain with a counterstain |
| Gram-positive bacteria | bacteria with cell walls that are composed of peptidoglycan and teichnoic acid. |
| Gram-negative bacteria | bacteria with cell walls that are composed of thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipprotein and lipopolysaccharide. |
| Gram stain limitations | following organisms do not Gram stain well: rickettsia, mycoplasma, treponema, chlamydia, mycobacteria, and Legionella pneumophila |
| Streptococci | genus of gram-positive bacteria that occurs in chains. Classified in four types: pyogenic group, the viridans group, the enterococcus group, and lactic group. |
| Staphylococci | genus of gram-positive bacteria made up of spherical microorganisms and grapelike clusters. |
| Intermediate organisms | obligate intracellular parasites, can reproduce only in living cells. Three groups: rickettsia, chlamydia, and mycoplasma |
| Rickettsia | any of several small intracellular parasites of genus Rickettsia that require a vector (such as fleas, tick, lice) to spread disease |
| Chlamdyia | gram-negative nonmotile obligate intracellular parasite that is totally dependent on host cell for energy. |
| Mycoplasma | group of bacteria considered to be smallest free-living organisms. lack a cell wall. |
| Mycobacterium | genus of bacteria ditinguished by high lipid content that produces resistance to drying, acids, and various germicides. form: long slender, straight or curved rods. several are highly significant human pathogens that cause tuberculosis, leprosy, granuloma |
| Legionella pneumophila | bacterium that causes Legionnaires' disease. primarily intracellular, stains by silver stain. |
| Viruses | infectious agents, simpler in nature than bacteria. not usually considered cellular. composed of small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein covering. visible only iwth electon microscope. |
| Viron | virus that exists outside a host cell |
| Bacteriophage or Phage | virus that has a bacterial host |
| Fungi | eukaryotic organisms with cellulose or chitin cell walls that include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. spores, means of reproduction for fungi, can be carried great distances by wind and are resistant to heat, cold, acids, bases, and other chemicals. |
| Muchrooms | class of true fungi |
| Mycelium | network of filaments or strand in mushrooms. |
| Molds | multicellular fungi, main source of antibiotics. some used to produce large quantities of enzymes (amylases) and citric acid. harmful, and some are toxic |
| Aflatoxin | toxin produced by aspergillus mold on peanuts and cottonseed. extremely toxic to humans and farm animals, carcinogenic. |
| Yeasts | single-celled microscopic eukaryotes that produce vitamins and proteins |
| Candida albicans | type of pathogenic yeast that is dimorphous |
| Dimorphism | ability to live in tow different forms, such as few fungi, usually pathogens, that can live either as molds or as yeasts depending on growth conditions. |
| Protozoa | lowest forms of animal life. ability to move, found in water and soil. most are saprophytes, living in soil and feeding off decaying organic material. |
| Microbial growth | growth that is dependent on source of energy and nutrient chemicals and influenced by temperature, pH(acidity), moisture content, and available nutrients. three types of microbial metabolism fermentation, respiration, and photosynthesis. |
| Fermentation | decomposition of complex substances through the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms |
| respiration | interchange of gases between an organism and medium in which it lives |
| Photohynthesis | process by which energy of light is used to produce organic molecules. process is most often used by plants to manufacture carbohydrates, but some bacteria are alco capable of this. |
| Aerobe | microorganism that lives and grows in presence of free oxygen. majority of microbes are aerobes |
| Anaerobe | microbe that grows and lives in absense of oxygen |
| Facultative aerobe | organism that is able to grow under anaerobic conditions but grows most rapidly in an aerobic envirmonment |
| Facultative anaerobe | microbe that can grow either with or without oxygen but develops most rapidly in an anaerobic environment |
| Obligate anaerobe | microbe that lives only in the absence of oxygen |
| Nutritional types | two nutritional types of organisms: heterotrophs and autotrophs. |
| Heterotrophs | organisms that obtain carbon from organic material |
| Autotrophs | organisms that use inorganic carbon dioxide (CO2) as basic carbon source |
| Chemotrophs | organisms that use chemical substances as sourcce of energy |
| Phototrophs | organisms that use light as source of energy |
| Binary fission | aka simple fission, common form of asexual reproduction of bacteria in which each bacterium splits into two similar cells |
| Optimum pH | level of acidity or alkalinity most conductive to functioning. microorganism has an optimumpH for growth. |
| Acidophile | bacterial organism that grows will in an acid medium |
| Exotoxin | potent toxin that is secreted or excreted by living microorganisms as result of bacterial metabolism. most poisonous substances known to human beings. |
| Enterotoxin | exotoxin that affects cells of intestinal mucosa, causing vomiting and diarrhea. |
| Medical microbiology | study of pathogens and disease process, including epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, infection control, and immunology. |
| Normal flora | bacteria that are permanent and generally beneficial residents in human body. |
| Host | organism in which another, usually parasitic, organism is nourished and harbored. |
| Symbiosis | living together of two organisms of different species. Four major types of relationships exist between humans and their flora: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and opportunism. |
| Mutualism | relationship in which both organisms benefit. |
| Commensalism | one-sided relationship in which one member benefits and neither harmed. Yest, Candida albicans, one of the normal flora that has this relationship with skin(meaning that it benefits from contact iwth skin but does not harm it) |
| Parasitism | one-sided relationship between a host and a parasite |
| Obligate intracellular parasite | parasite that is completely dependent on it host and must be in a living cell in order to reproduce. |
| Opportunism | relationship in which a usually harmless organism becoms pathogenic when host's resistance in impaired. |
| Opportunistic microbe | harmless microorganism that causes disease only if it invade body with immune system is weakened and unable to defend against it. |
| Pathogens | disease-causing microorganisms. only small percentage of microbes are apthogenic; the others aqre considered harmless or beneficial |
| Pathogenicity | ability of pathogenic agent to cause a disease |
| Virulence | degree of pahtogenicity or relative power of an organism to produce a disease |
| Infective dose | number of organisms required to cause a disease in susceptible host. |
| Contagious disease | disease that is transmitted from one person to another. following factors influence the cycle involved in spread of infectious disease means of transmission, means of entrance, susceptible host, reservoir host, and means of exit. |
| Breaking the cycle of infection | medical assistants can help break the cycle of infection by proper hand washing, maintaining strict housekeeping standards, adhering to government guidelines to protect against dieases, education patients about hygien, health promotion, disease prevention |
| Vector | carrier of pathogenic organisms, expecially one that can transmit a disease |
| Biological vector | animal in which infecting organism multiplies or develops before becoming infectious. |
| Resistance | body mechanisms that oppose infection. host's state of health and other factors; race, age, sex, occupation affect ability of pathogen to cause disease. also ability of microorganism to live in presence of antibiotics, antimicrobial agents, phages. |
| Microbial control | prevention of infectious diseases by using heat, steam, fire and chemicals to control the growth of microbes. |
| Asepsis | freedom from infection or infectious material |
| Medical asepsis | destruction of organisms after tehy leave the body. |
| Office asepsis procedures | procedures that can include cleaning office regularly, enforcing a strict no-eating and no-drinking policy, emptying trash often, asking patients to use tissues for coughs and sneezes. |
| Aseptic hand washing | most important procedure for medical assistant. wash hands regularly, including being of day; before/after meals; before using glovers, handling specimens or waste,etc |
| Surgical asepsis | destruction of organisms before they enter the body |
| Sterilization | complete destruction of all microorganisms and spores. |
| Sterile or surgical scrub | procedure that differs from aspetic hand washing in several important respects. |
| Sanitization | reduction of number of microorganisms on object to fairly small and safe level. |
| Disinfection | process of removing or killing pathogens. include various chemicals, boiling water, and steam. |
| Antiseptic | substance, such as hydrogen peroxide, used externally to prevent or inhibit growth and reproduction of microorganisms. |
| Bactericidal or bacteriocidal | destructive to or destroying bacteria |
| bacteriostatic | inhibiting the growth of bacteria |
| Antisepsis | ingibition, usually through a topical application, of the growth and multiplication of microorganisms. |
| Biohazardous waste containers | leakproof, puncture-resistant containers that are color-coded or labeled with special symbols to show that they contain biohazardous materials such as blood and other body fluids, human tissue, or equipment that is no longer sterile. |
| an organism that obstains its nutrients from dead organic matter is called | Saprophyte |
| microorganisms that is a grape-like cluster | Staphylococci |
| Organisms that require vector | Rickettsia |
| Bacteria that are permanent and beneficial residents in the human body are called | Normal flora |
| The smallest organisms are called | Viruses |
| Aseptic hand washing techniques include | Removing all jewelry, using a nailbrush to scrub under the nails and cuticles, using liquid soap, and scrubbing vigorously |
| If a virus has a bacterial host, it is called | bacteriophage |
| Microbes that can grow either with or without oxygen are called | Facultative anaerobes |
| Hydrogen peroxide is an example of a | Antiseptic |
| Any close relationship that exists between two different species is known as | Symbiosis |
| The following factors may influence the cycle involved in the spread of infectious disease | means of transmission, susceptible host, means of entrance, means of exit |
| The degree to which an organism is pathogenic is known as | Virulence |
| A substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria is said to be | Symbiotic |
| The following are true of Gram staining procedure | stain used is crystal violet, differentiates between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, some bacteria lose the stain by decolorization |
| Sterilization is | technique for destroying microorganisms |
| Biohazardous waste containers | are color-coded or labeled, are leakproof, puncture-resistant, and can contain blood and other body fluids. |
| Disinfection is | the process of removing or killing pathogens |
| Spiral-shaped bacteria are called | Spirilla |
| Streptococci appear in | chains of cocci |
| The bacterium Escherichia coli can cause | Urinary infections |
| A carrier of causative organisms that can transmit diseases to noninfected individuals is called a | Vector |
| Viruses are | simpler than prokaryotes |
| A medical assistant needs to wash his/her hands | (all of the above) before seeing each patient, after handling waste, after using gloves, before leaving for the day |
| Reduction of the number of microorganisms on an object to a fairly small and safe level is called | Sanitization |
Created by:
walton33