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Bio2Ch27
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| One of the most prominent features of the bacteria and archaea is their _____ | Diversity |
| Both Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria are _____ (lack nucleus) | Prokaryotic |
| Archaea possess a number of features in common with the eukaryotic _____ and _____, suggesting common ancestry | Nucleus, cytoplasm |
| Archaea possess _____, which is absent from most bacteria | Histones |
| In archaea, _____ _____ are different from those in eukaryotes or bacteria | Membrane linkages |
| The _____ _____ in archaea make them more resistant to heat and other extreme conditions | Membrane linkages |
| Many archaea are found in _____ conditions | Harsh |
| Membrane lipids are formed with _____ linkages in archaea | Ether |
| Membrane lipids are formed with _____ linkages in bacteria and eukaryotes | Ester |
| Can occupy habitats with very high salt content, acidity, methane levels, or temperatures | Extremophiles |
| Methanopyrus grows in deep-sea thermal vents at 98 degrees C; this makes it a what? | Hyperthermophile |
| Sulfolobus grows in hot springs at pH 3; this makes it a what? | Halophile |
| ARCHAEA KINGDOMS: primarily known from DNA samples of hot springs | Kingdom Korarchaeota |
| ARCHAEA KINGDOMS: methane producers, extreme halophiles, and some hyperthermophiles | Kingdom Euryarchaeota |
| ARCHAEA KINGDOMS: grow in extreme hot or cold, and others in widespread terrestrial and aquatic habitats | Kingdom Crenarchaeota |
| ARCHAEA KINGDOMS: hyperthermophiles | Kingdom Nanoarchaeota |
| How many different bacteria phyla are there? | About 50 |
| In what domain are half the structural and metabolic features unknown? | Domain Bacteria |
| Some are extremophiles, but many more _____ favor moderate conditions | Bacteria |
| Many bacteria form _____ relationships with eukaryotes | Symbiotic |
| Proteobacteria have an amazing diversity of form and _____ | Metabolism |
| PROTEOBACTERIA: mutually beneficial relationships with plants and animals | Alpha (α) |
| PROTEOBACTERIA: soil inhabitant, important in global nitrogen cycle | Beta (β) |
| PROTEOBACTERIA: STDs, cholera, salmonella, E. coli | Gamma (γ) |
| PROTEOBACTERIA: drill through cell walls of other bacteria to consume them | Delta (δ) |
| PROTEOBACTERIA: ancestors of mitochondria, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium | Alpha (α) |
| PROTEOBACTERIA: Nitrosomonas (bioremediation) | Beta (β) |
| PROTEOBACTERIA: Neisseria, Vibrio, Salmonella, Escherichia coli | Gamma (γ) |
| PROTEOBACTERIA: Myxobacteria, bdellovibrios (parasitize other bacteria) | Delta (δ) |
| PROTEOBACTERIA: Heliobacter (stomach ulcers) | Epsilon (ε) |
| Produced the first oxygen-rich atmosphere | Cyanobacteria |
| Photosynthetic bacteria abundant in fresh waters, oceans, and wetlands and on the surface of arid soils | Cyanobacteria |
| Named for blue-green or cyan color | Cyanobacteria |
| The only prokaryotes that generate oxygen as a product of photosynthesis | Cyanobacteria |
| Gave rise to plastids of eukaryotic algae and plants (chloroplasts) | Cyanobacteria |
| Display the greatest structural diversity found among bacterial phyla (single cells, colonies held by mucilage, filaments) | Cyanobacteria |
| Essential ecological roles in producing organic carbon and fixing nitrogen; several kinds form nuisance growths, or blooms | Cyanobacteria |
| Microcystis, Anabaena, and Cylindrospermopsis are capable of forming _____ | Blooms |
| Also known as lateral gene transfer | Horizontal gene transfer |
| Movement of one or more genes from one species to another (contrasts with vertical gene transfer from parent to progeny) | Horizontal gene transfer |
| Increases genetic diversity; common among archaea and bacteria; can result in large genetic changes | Horizontal gene transfer |
| At least _____% of the genes present in the common human gut inhabitant E. coli came from other bacteria | 17% |
| About _____% of prokaryotic genes have been involved in horizontal gene transfer at some point in their history | 80% |
| Bacteria and Archaea evolved from a common _____ | Ancestor |
| Eukaryotic _____ and _____ likely arose in an ancient archaeal ancestor | Nucleus, cytoplasm |
| Mitochondria and plastids originated from _____ and _____ by endosymbiosis | Proteobacteria, cyanobacteria |
| Bacteria and archaea are _____ to _____ micrometers in diameter | 1, 5 |
| Most plant and animal cells are between _____ and _____ micrometers in diameter | 10, 100 |
| The small size of bacteria and archaea limits the amount of materials that can be stored within cells, but allows faster _____ _____ | Cell division |
| Prokaryotic cells are much _____ than eukaryotic cells | Simpler |
| Ingrowths of plasma membrane that increase surface area for photosynthesis | Thylakoids |
| Magnetite crystals; nucleus-like; helps to locate low-oxygen habitats | Magnetosomes |
| Gas vesicles are used to adjust _____ | Buoyancy |
| CELL SHAPE: spheres | Cocci |
| CELL SHAPE: rods | Bacilli |
| CELL SHAPE: comma-shaped | Vibrios |
| CELL SHAPE: spiral-shaped (flexible) | Spirochaetes |
| CELL SHAPE: spiral-shaped (rigid) | Spirilli |
| Mucilage is sometimes called _____ | Glycocalyx |
| Composed of polysaccharides, protein, or both; secreted from cells | Mucilage |
| What are the functions of mucilage? | Evade host defenses, hold colony together (biofilms; dental plaque) |
| Most bacteria and archaea have a rigid _____ _____ outside the plasma membrane | Cell wall |
| What is the purpose of the cell wall? | Maintain cell shape, help protect against attack |
| The cell wall helps avoid _____ in hypotonic solutions | Lysing |
| Archaea and some bacteria use protein in cell walls; most bacteria use _____ in cell walls | Peptidoglycan |
| GRAM STAIN: relatively think peptidoglycan layer | Gram positive |
| GRAM STAIN: purple dye held in thick layer | Gram positive |
| GRAM STAIN: cells are stained purple | Gram positive |
| GRAM STAIN: vulnerable to penicillin that interferes with cell wall synthesis | Gram positive |
| GRAM STAIN: less peptidoglycan and a thin outer envelope of lipopolysaccharides | Gram negative |
| GRAM STAIN: lose purple stain but retain final pink stain | Gram negative |
| GRAM STAIN: cells are stained pink | Gram negative |
| GRAM STAIN: resists penicillin and requires other antibiotics | Gram negative |
| MOTILITY: move to _____ conditions | Favorable |
| MOTILITY: respond to _____ signals | Chemical |
| MOTILITY: swim, twitch, glide, or adjust _____ | Flotation |
| Swimming; different from eukaryotic version; like an outboard motor boat; differ in number and location | Flagella |
| Twitch or glide along surfaces; thread-like cell surface structures; can also play important roles in bacterial reproduction and disease processes | Pili |
| Divide by splitting in two | Binary fission |
| SURVIVING HARSH CONDITIONS: found in aquatic filamentous cyanobacteria | Akinetes |
| SURVIVING HARSH CONDITIONS: develop when winter approaches | Akinetes |
| SURVIVING HARSH CONDITIONS: survive winter and produce new filaments in spring | Akinetes |
| SURVIVING HARSH CONDITIONS: tough protein coat | Endospores |
| SURVIVING HARSH CONDITIONS: amazingly long dormant span | Endospores |
| SURVIVING HARSH CONDITIONS: found in some Gram positive bacteria | Endospores |
| SURVIVING HARSH CONDITIONS: Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani | Endospores |
| OBTAINING GENETIC MATERIAL: via viral vector | Transduction |
| OBTAINING GENETIC MATERIAL: via uptake of DNA from environment | Transformation |
| OBTAINING GENETIC MATERIAL: via mating with another cell | Conjugation |
| What three things can help us classify bacteria and archaea? | Nutrition, response to oxygen, presence of specialized metabolic processes |
| NUTRITION: produce all or most of their own organic compounds | Autotrophs |
| NUTRITION: uses light as energy source for synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 or H2S | Photoautotrophs |
| NUTRITION: use energy obtained from chemical modification of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds | Chemoautotrophs |
| NUTRITION: organisms that require at least one organic compound, and often more | Heterotrophs |
| NUTRITION: able to use light energy to make ATP but they must take in organic compounds from the environment | Photoheterotroph |
| NUTRITION: must obtain organic molecules for both energy and carbon source | Chemoheterotroph |
| OXYGEN RESPONSE: require oxygen | Obligate aerobes |
| OXYGEN RESPONSE: can use oxygen or not | Facultative aerobes |
| OXYGEN RESPONSE: cannot tolerate oxygen | Obligate anaerobes |
| OXYGEN RESPONSE: do not use oxygen but are not poisoned by it | Facultative anaerobes |
| What conducts nitrogen fixation? | Diazotrophs |
| The enzyme _____ converts inorganic nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3) in nitrogen fixation | Nitrogenase |
| Plants and eukaryotic algae depend on _____ to make nitrogen-containing compounds (Rhizobium) | Ammonia |
| Specialized cells for nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria | Heterocysts |
| CARBON CYCLE: synthesize organic compounds used by other organisms as food | Producers |
| CARBON CYCLE: break down dead organisms to release minerals for reuse | Decomposers (saprobes) |
| CARBON CYCLE: make methane | Methanogens |
| CARBON CYCLE: consume methane | Methanotrophs |
| SYMBIOTIC ROLES: an organism that lives in close association with one or more organisms | Symbiosis |
| SYMBIOTIC ROLES: one partner benefits at the expense of the other | Parasitism |
| SYMBIOTIC ROLES: association beneficial to both partners | Mutualism |
| MUTUALISTIC PARTNERSHIPS: some bacteria live together and supply each other with essential nutrients | Syntrophy |
| MUTUALISTIC PARTNERSHIPS: larger community of nutrient exchangers (marine worm with no mouth, gut, or anus depends on bacteria inside it for food and waste recycling) | Consortia |
| On human skin and in our digestive and reproductive systems; provide services using traits that humans do not possess | Human microbiome |
| Humans and their microbiomes are _____; diverse types of bacterial metabolism have co-evolved with humans | Superorganisms |
| Organisms that obtain organic compounds from living hosts | Parasites |
| Parasitic microbe causes disease symptoms | Pathogen |
| Determine whether or not a particular organism causes a specific disease | Koch's postulates |
Created by:
stephanielynhannigan