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Chapter 8ight
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Two examples of global commerce in Classical Era: | Silk Road and trans-Saharan trade routes |
| What has long been a prominent feature of human history? | The exchange of goods among communities occupying different ecological zones |
| What haave some societies been able to monopolize? | The production of particular products whhich others have found valuable |
| What motivates exchange? | The uneven distribution of goods and resources |
| How did trade affect people's day-to-day working lives? | It encouraged them to specialize in producing particular products for sale in distant markets rather than their own communities |
| What did trade diminish? | The economic self-sufficiency of local societies |
| Why were people sometimes suspicious of trade social groups? | Because of their impulse to accumulate wealth without actually producing anything |
| How did trade provide social mobility? | In China, they could purchase land estates and establish themselves within the gentry class |
| How did long-distance trade enable elite groups in societies to distinguish themselves? | By acquiring prestigous goods from distnce lands |
| How was political life sometimes transformed by slaves? | The wealth available from controlling and taxing trade motivated creation of states and sustained them once they'd been created |
| Example problems trade created: | Should it be left in private hands or controlled by state? How should state authorities deal with men of commerce? |
| What did trade becom the vehicle for? | Spread of religious ideas, technological innovations, disease-bearing germs, and plant and animals to distant regions |
| What has the Eurasian landmass long been home to? | Majority of humankind, world's most productive agriculture, largest civilizations, and greatest concentration of pastoral peoples |
| The world's most extensive and sustained networks of exchange? | The Silk Road |
| What did the Silk Road link? | Pastoral and agricultural peoples and large civilizations on the continent's outer rim |
| "Relay trade" | Goods were passed down the line, changing hands many times before reaching their final destination |
| How is Eurasia often divided? | Into inner and outer zones that represent different environments |
| Outer Eurasia consists of... | Relatively warm, well-watered areas, suitable for agriculture |
| Inner Eurasia consists of... | Lies farther north and has a harsher and drier climate, much not conducive to agriculture |
| Steppes | Semi-arid northern grasslands |
| What were poducts from the steepes exchanged for? | Agricultural products and manufactured goods of adjacent civilizations |
| What did the movement of pastoral peoples diffuse? | Indo-European languages, bronze metallurgy, and horse-based technologies |
| Indirect trading connections of the Common Era linked what? | Classical civilizations in a network of transcontinental trade |
| When did the Silk Road prosper most? | When large and powerful states provided security for merchants and travelers |
| What were goods on the Silk Road often carried in? | Large camel caravans |
| Why were most goods on the Silk Road luxury products? | Only commodities of great value could compensate for the high costs of transportation across Silk Road |
| Where did Silk originate and how did it move? | China, from east to west |
| What does an old Chinese story say is the reason knowledge of producing silk spread beyone China? | A Chinese princess smuggled silkworms in her turban when she was married off to a Central Asian ruler |
| What is the European tale of why knowledge of producing silk spread? | Christian monks smuggled silkworms in a bamboo cane |
| Who all learned how to produce silk? | Koreans, Japanese, Indians and Persians |
| How was silk used in Central Asia? | For currency and as means of accumulating wealth |
| How was silk used in China and the Byzantine Empire? | As a symbol of high status, only elites could wear silk clothing |
| What religions did silk become associated with? | Buddhism and Christianity |
| What happened since no independent silk industry developed in Western Europe? | A considerable market developed for silks imported from the Islamic world |
| What did the splendor of Christian churches depend in part on? | Islamic trading networks and silks manufactored in the Muslim world |
| What limited the Silk Road's direct impact? | Its focus on luxury goods |
| How did long-distance trade impact the lives of ordinary farmers? | Peasants in the Yangzi River delta sometimes gave up farming to produce luxury goods |
| How did Buddhism spread widely thoughout Central and East Asia? | Merchants along the Silk Road |
| What was more important about the Silk Road instead of its economic impact? | Its role as a condiut of culture |
| Why did many merchants prefer Buddhism over Hinduism? | Hinduism privilieged the higher class |
| Was conversion to Buddhism by oasis cities due to the pressure of conquest or foreign rule? | No, it was a voluntary process |
| What did the inhabitants and rulers of oasis cities find in Buddhism? | A link to the larger, wealthy, and prestigious civilization of India |
| How could Buddhist merchants earn religious merit? | By building monastaries and supporting monks |
| What did monastaries provide in return to Buddhist merchants? | Places of rest and resupply |
| What was an obstacle to the penetration of Buddhism among pastoral peoples? | The absence of a written language |
| What made the founding of monastaries difficult for pastoral people? | Their nomadic ways |
| In China, did Chinese people practice Buddhism? | No, it was popular only among foreign merchants and rulers until later |
| How did Buddhism change regarding the material world? | Previously Buddhism had shunned the material world, but then rulers became quite wealthy |
| Did Mahayana or Theravade Buddhism flourish on the Silk Road? | Mahayana |
| How were gods of different cultures used to influence Buddhism? | They were incorporated into Buddhist practice as bodhisattvas |
| What else traveled the Silk Road besides goods and cultures? | Diseases |
| What happened when contact among human communities occured? | People were exposed to unfamiliar diseases for which they had little immunity or methods of coping |
| What diseases contributed to the collapse of the Han dynasty and Roman Empire? | Measles and Smallpox |
| Why did Smallpox and Measles strengthen the appeal of Christianity and Buddhism? | Both of them offered compassion in the face of immense suffering |
| How did the bubonic plague get to the Mediterranean area? | Black rats carried it and they arrived via sea trade with India |
| During the 40 day period of the bubonic plague, how many people were lost per day? | 10,000 |
| What weakened the ability of Christendom to resist the Muslim armies that poured out of Arabia? | The repeated reoccurances of the bubonic plague |
| Black Death | Identified variously with the bubonic plague, anthrax, or a package of epidemic diseases |
| What facilitated the spread of Black Death from China to Europe? | The era of intensified interaction |
| What fraction of Europe perished from the Black Death from 1346 to 1350? | One-third |
| How did the living benefit during the Black Death? | Since there weren't many farmers, they could demand higher wages or better terms |
| How were landowning nobles hurt during Black Death? | The price of their grains dropped and the demands of their dependents grew |
| Why did Europeans have an advantage when confronted with peoples of the Western Hemisphere after 1500? | Exposure to diseases had provided them some degree of immunity to Eurasian diseases |
| Why did the Americans perish when confronted with peoples from Eurasia and Africa? | The absence of domesticated animals, little interaction among cities, and their isolation from the Eastern Hemisphere |
| Where was much of Venice's wealth derived from? | The control of expensive and profitable imported goods from Asia |
| Who picked up and resold these imported goods in Venice? | Venetian merchants |
| What represented the largest sea-based system of communication and exchange? | The Indian Ocean |
| What provided incentives for Indian Ocean commerce? | The desire for various goods not available at home |
| Why were transportation costs cheaper on Sea Roads than the Silk Roads? | Ships could accomodate larger and heavier cargoes than camels |
| Monsoons | Alternating wind currents that blew predictably eastward during the summer months and westward during winter |
| What did monsoons do? | Made Indian Ocean commerce possible |
| How did "an interlocked human world joined by the common highway of the Indian Ocean" come about? | An understanding of monsoons and a gradually accumulating technology of shpbuilding and oceanic navigation |
| Indian Ocean commerce did not occur between entire regions or countries, but rather across: | An "archipelago of towns" |
| What provided the nodes of the Indian Ocean commerce? | "Archipelago of towns" |
| What did Egyptians and Phoenicians trade their manufactored goods for? | Gold, ivory, frankincense, and slaves |
| What food crops greatly enriched the diets of African peoples? | Bananas, coconuts, and cocoyams |
| The tempo of Indian Ocean commerce picked up as what? | Mariners learned how to ride the monsoons |
| What testifies to the long-term cultural impact of trade in Ethopia and Kerala? | The introduction of Christianity |
| Who established settlements in southern India and along the East African coast? | Merchants from the Roman Empire, mostly Greeks, Syrians, and Jews |
| What two major processes changed the landscape of the Afro-Eurasian world and wove the web of Indian Ocean exchange even more densely? | The economic and political revival of China and the sudden rise of Islam |
| What did the reestablished state of China actively encourage? | Maritime trade |
| What did the impressive growth of Chinese economy do? | Sent Chinese products pouring into the circuits of Indian Ocean commerce |
| Unlike Confucian culture, who were suspicious of merchants, Islam was... | Friendly to commercial life |
| Who established communities of traders from East Africa to the southern China coast? | Muslim merchants and sailors, as well as Jews and Christians within the Islamic world |
| What stimulated a slave trade from East Africa? | Efforts to reclaim wasteland in Mesopotamia to produce sugar and dates for export |
| What stimulated widespread conversion of Islam? | The immense prestige, power, and prosperity |
| How did sea trade stimulate political change in both Southeast Asia and East Africa? | Ambitious and aspiring rulers used the wealth derived from commerce to construct larger and more centrally governed states |
| How did both Southeast Asia and East Africa experience cultural change due to sea trade? | Local people were attracted to foreign religious ideas from Hindu, Buddhism, and Islam |
| How did the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya emerge? | From competition between many small ports along the Malay Peninsula and the coast of Sumtra to attract more traders and travelers |
| What provided resources to attract supporters, to fund an embryonic bureaucracy, and to create military and naval forces that brought security to the area of Srivijaya? | Their plentiful supply of gold, its access to the source of highly sought-after spices, and taxes levied on passing ships |
| What did Srivijaya monarchs believe? | Chiefs possessed magical powers and were responsible for the prosperity of their people |
Created by:
1213ameliaeversole