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Psychology
8 motivation and emotion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met | Motivation |
| Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person | Extrinsic motivation |
| Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner | Intrinsic motivation |
| The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exists in both people and animals | Instincts |
| Approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals | Instinct approach |
| A requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism | Need |
| A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates organisms to act in that order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension | Drive |
| Approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal | Drive-reduction theory |
| Those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst | Primary drives |
| Those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval | Acquired (secondary) drives |
| The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state | Homeostasis |
| A need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones | Need for achievement (nAch) |
| The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others | Need for affiliation (nAff) |
| The need to have control or influence over others | Need for power (nPow) |
| The process by which activities are started, directed, and sustained to meet a person's wants is called ______. | Motivation |
| People high in the need for ______ want to be liked by others and are good team players. | Affiliation |
| Ronnie believes that people are just born smart or not smart, and he thinks of himself as "not smart." As a result, Ronnie doesn't really try all that hard to succeed in school. Dweck says Ronnie's achievement motivation is being affected by _____. | External locus of control |
| A motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. | Stimulus motive |
| THeory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation | Arousal theory |
| Law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. | Yerkes-Dodson Law |
| Someone who needs more arousal than the average person | Sensation seeker |
| Things that attract or lure people into action | Incentives |
| Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties | Incentives |
| Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties | Incentive approaches |
| Incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the important that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time | Expectancy-value theories |
| According to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential | Self-actualization |
| According to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved | Peak experiences |
| Theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action | Self-determination theory (SDT) |
| In the _____ approach, people are said to have an optimal level of tension. | Arousal |
| Which of the following approaches to motivation has ties to the basic principles of learning and the concept of reinforcement? A. Arousal B. Humanistic C. Incentive D. Self-determination | Incentive |
| The most basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy are _____ needs. | Physiological |
| Jamal gets a new toy for every good grade on his report card in first grade. Jamal is receiving ______. | Extrinsic motivation |
| Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory | Psychoactive drugs |
| Condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug | Physical dependence |
| Physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems | Withdrawal |
| The feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being | Psychological dependence |
| Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system | Stimulants |
| Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system | Depressants |
| A class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins | Narcotics |
| Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication | Hallucinogenics |
| Stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature | Amphetamines |
| A natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant | Cocaine |
| The active ingredient in tobacco | Nicotine |
| A mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances | Caffeine |
| Depressant drugs that have a sedative effect | Barbiturates |
| Drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress | Benzodiazepines |
| The chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter | Alcohol |
| Substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived | Opium |
| Narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain | Morphine |
| Narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive | Heroin |
| Drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality | Hallucinogens |
| Powerful synthetic hallucinogen | LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) |
| Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects | PCP |
| Designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects | MDMA (Ecstasy or X) |
| Drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects | Stimulatory hallucinogenics |
| Natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons | Mescaline |
| Natural hallucinogen found certain mushrooms | Psilocybin |
| Mild hallucinogen (also known as pot or weed) derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant | Marijuana |
| What are two signs of physical dependency? | Drug tolerance and withdrawal |
| Larger and larger doses of amphetamines can lead to a severe mental disturbance and paranoia called _______. | Amphetamine psychosis |
| The "date rape" drug, Rohypnol, is one of the ________. | Minor tranquilizers |
| Of the following, comes from the peyote cactus? A. Mescaline B. Psilocybin C. Marijuana D. Ergot | Mescaline |
| Behavior that is unacceptable according to societal norms and expectations | Sexual deviance |
| A person's sexual attraction and affection for members of either the opposite or the same sex | Sexual orientation |
| Person attracted to the opposite sex | Heterosexual |
| Person attracted to the same sex | Homosexual |
| Person attracted to both men and women | Bisexual |
| In Kinsey's original data, more _____ than ______ reported having bisexual experiences. | Men; women |
| Which Group was NOT one of the groups poorly represented in the Kinsey study? A. Older people B. White, middle class C. People with little education D. People living in rural areas | B. White, middle class |
| Compared to the Knsey data, the data from the Janus Report revealed the age of the first sexual experience for about 20 percent of the men and 8 percent of the women to be _____. | 14 |
| The Savic et al. 2005 study found that homosexual men responded to a pheromone in the same way as | Heterosexual women |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the possible causes of homosexuality, according to research? A. Birth order B. Abuse C. Genetics | B. Abuse |
| The "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings | Emotion |
| Learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings | Display rules |
| Theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion | James-Lange theory of emotion |
| Theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time | Cannon-Bard theory of emotion |
| THeory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced | Cognitive arousal theory |
| Theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion | Facial feedback hypothesis |
| Theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction | Cognitive-mediational theory |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of emotion? A. Subjective experience B. Behavior C. Attention D. Physical reaction | C. Attention |
| Emotional stimuli travel to the _____ by both a fast subcortical route and a slower cortical route. | Amygdala |
| The theory of emotion that states that the thalamus sends sensory information to the cortex and the sympathetic organs at the same time is the _____ theory. | Cannon-Bard |
| In Schachter and Singer's classic study, participants who were exposed to the "angry" man interpreted their physiological arousal as ______, whereas those who were exposed to the "happy" man interpreted their arousal as _____. | Angry; Happy |
| Leslie smiles a lot in the classroom, which in turn prompts his students to smile, making them feel happier too. This effect is best explained by which theory of emotion? | Facial feedback |
| In the _____ theory of emotion, the most important aspect of an emotional experience is the interpretation, or appraisal, of the stimulus. | Cognitive-mediational |
| The approach to motivation that forced psychologists to consider the hereditary factors in motivation was the ______ approach. | Instinct |
| The need for money is an example of a(n) _______ drive. | Acquired |
| Jocelyn needs to be the one whose ideas are always used and craves prestige among others. She drives an expensive car and wears nothing but the most expensive clothes. Jocelyn is high in the need for ______. | Power |
| People who are always looking for a challenge may be high in the need for ______. | Achievement |
| Evidence from a study with 2-year-olds who were given an opportunity to explore a black box with a hole in it suggests that sensation seeking may be _____. | Innate |
| Gene is trying to choose a snack. There is a bowl of fruit on the table, but there's also a candy bar that he bought yesterday. The fact that Gene feels drawn to choose the candy bar instead of the fruit is an example of the power of _______. | Incentives |
| According to Maslow, a person who wants to become self-actualized must first satisfy _____. | More basic needs such as food and safety |
| Shontia works at a day care center. The pay is low and the hours are long, but she loves being around children and has no desire to look for a higher-paying job. Shontia's motivation appears to be ______. | Intrinsic |
| Which of the following is NOT a naturally occurring substance? A.Nicotine B. Amphetamine C. Caffeine D. Cocaine | B. amphetamine |
| Which of the following is NOT a depressant? A. Alcohol B. Valium C. PCP D. Barbiturate | C. PCP |
| "Magic mushrooms" are the source of ______ | Psilocybin |
| High doses of marijuana can lead to ______. | Hallucinations and delusions |
| The ____ is a brain structure that allows us to quickly and unconsciously respond to potentially dangerous stimuli before we are completely conscious of the threat. | Amygdala |
| The _______ theory of emotion would predict that people with spinal cord injuries that prevent them from experiencing sympathetic arousal would show decreased emotion. | James-Lange |
| In Schachter and Singer's classic study, participants were physically aroused by _____ | Receiving epinephrine |
| The theory of emotion that owes a lot to Darwin's work is the ______ theory | Facial feedback |
Created by:
bucrrodriguez