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General Sociology
CMU Exam Chpt. 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social inequality | situation, where members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige or power. |
| stratification | structered ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society. |
| income | salaries and wages |
| wealth | inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets. |
| absolute poverty | a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below. |
| ascribed status | a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. |
| achieved status | social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts |
| bourgeoisie | Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production |
| veritcal mobility | the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank |
| underclass | the long-term poor who lack training and skills |
| status group | people who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class positions. |
| socioeconomic status (SES) | measure of social class that is based on income, education, amd occupation. |
| social mobility | movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another. |
| slavery | a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people. |
| capitalism | an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. |
| caste | a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile |
| class | a group of people who have similar level of wealth and income. |
| class consciousness | in Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change. |
| class system | a social ranking based primarily on economis position in which acheived characteristics can influence social mobility. |
| closed system | a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility. |
| corporate welfare | tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations |
| digital divide | the relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries. |
| estate system | a system of stratification under which peasants were requred to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services. Also known as feudalism. |
| false consciousness | a term used by Karl Marx to describe and attitude held by memebers of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position. |
| life chances | the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions and favorable life experiences. |
| objective method | a technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence. |
| relative poverty | a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole. |
| proletariat | Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society. |
| prestige | the repect and admiration that an occupation holds in society |
| precarious work | employment that is poorly paid, and from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected. |
| power | the ability to exercise one's will over others. |
| open system | a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status. |
| intragenerational mobility | changes in social position within a person's aduly life. |
| intergenerational mobility | changes in the social position of children relative to their parents. |
| horizontal mobility | the movement of an individual from one social postion to another. |
| feminization of poverty | a trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of the United States. |
| esteem | the reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation. |
| dominant ideology | a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. |
| corporate welfare | tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations. |
| What describes a condition in which members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power? | social inequality |
| In Karl Marx's view, the destruction of the capitalist system will occur only if the working class first develops | class consciousness |
| what was viewed by Max Weber as analytically distinct components of stratification | class, status, and power |
| _____ mobility involves changes in social position within a person's adult life | intragenerational |
| an open class system implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's __________ status | achieved |
| Max Weber used the term _______ _______ to refer to the people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences. | life chances |
| Sociologist William Julius Wilson and other social scientists have used the term _______ to describe the long-term poor who lack training and skill. | underclass |
| __________ poverty is a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole. | Relative |
| ________ poverty is the minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below. | Absolute |
| _________ is the most extreme form of legalized social inequality for individuals or groups | Slavery |
| In the _________ system of stratification, or feudalism, peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services. | estate |
| Karl Marx viewed ____________ differentiation as the crucial determinant of social, economic, and political inequality. | Class |
| ______________ _____________ is the term Thorstein Veblen used to describe the extravagant spending patterns of those at the top of the class hierarchy | Conspicuous consumption |
| What sociological perspective argues that stratification is universal and that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill socially important positions. | functionalist perspective |
| British sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf views social classes as groups of people who share common interests resulting from their authority relationships. Dahrendorf's ideology aligns best with which theoretical perspective? | conflict perspective |
Created by:
jasowards