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Anatomy Ch. 12.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which glial cells are found in CNS? | astrocyte, ependymal, microglia, oligodendrocyte |
| Which glial cells are found in PNS? | satellite, neurolemmocytes |
| Supporting cells in the nervous system. Physically protects and helps nourish as well as provide an organized, supporting scaffolding for all the nervous tissue. Critical for the normal function at neural synapses. | glial cells |
| Glial cells differ from neurons in smaller __ and capability of __ (cell division). | size, mitosis |
| The nervous tissue of a young adult may contain __-__ billion neurons and __ billion to __ trillion glial cells. Glial cells account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system. | 35-100, 100, 1 |
| Large cell with numerous cell processes; in contact with neurons and capillaries; most common type of glial cell; exhibits starlike shape due to projections from their surface. | astrocytes |
| Helps form BBB; regulates tissue fluid composition; provides structural support an organization to the CNS; assists with neuronal development; and replicates to occupy space of dying neurons. | astrocytes |
| Simple cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells that line cavities in brain and spinal cord; cilia on apical surface. | ependymal cell |
| Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord. Contributes to choroid plexus; assists in production and circulation of CSF. | ependymal cell |
| Small cells in CNS with slender branches from cell body; least common type of glial cell. | microglia cell |
| Defends against infectious agents and engulfs debris from dead or dying neurons. Phagocytic. | microglia cell |
| Large, rounded, bulbous cell with slender cytoplasmic extension; extensions wrap around CNS axons. | oligodendrocyte |
| Myelinates and insulates CNS axons. Allows faster action potential conduction along axons in the CNS. | oligodendrocyte |
| Flattened cell; groups of these cells cluster around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion; often posterior root ganglion. | satellite cell |
| Protects and regulates nutrient and waste exchange for cell bodies in ganglia. | satellite cell |
| Flattened cell wrapped around a portion of an axon in the PNS. | neurolemmocyte |
| Myelinates and insulates PNS axons. Allows for faster action potential conduction along an axon in the PNS. | neurolemmocyte |
| Most common type of neuron. Multiple nerve processes extend directly from the cell body; typically many dendrites and one axon. Motor neurons. | multipolar neuron |
| Two nerve cell processes extend directly from the cell body; one dendrite and one axon. Location of these neurons is relatively limited in humans (retina of eye and olfactory mucosa in nasal cavity). | bipolar neuron |
| Single short cell process extends directly from cell and looks like a T as a result of the fusion of two processes into one long axon. One neuron process; sensory neurons. | unipolar neurons |
| Unipolar neurons are also called __ b/c they start out as bipolar neurons during development, but their two processes fuse into a single process. | pseudounipolar |
| Transmits information from sensory receptors TO the CNS. Most are unipolar with cell bodies located in posterior (dorsal) root ganglia. | sensory neurons (afferent) |
| Transmits information FROM CNS to muscle and/or gland (effectors). Cell bodies located in spinal cord gray matter (ventral horn). | motor neurons (efferent) |
| Found entirely w/in CNS; multipolar; facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons. | interneuron (association) |
| A nerve has three successive connective tissue wrappings: | epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium |
| The __ is a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue that encloses the entire nerve and provides both support and protection. | epineurium |
| The __ is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that wraps fascicles which are bundles of axons. This supports blood vessels. | perineurium |
| An individual axon in a myelinated neuron is surrounded by neurolemmocyte and then wrapped in the ___, a delicate layer of areolar connective tissue that separates and electrically insulates each axon. With this c.t. are capillaries that supply each axon. | endoneurium |
| __ is the process by which part of an axon is wrapped with myelin. Supports and insulates. Nerve impulse must "jump" over insulation (Saltatory conduction). Assists in speed of nerve conduction (increase speed of electrical impulse). | myelination |
| CNS-one cell myelinates small regions on __ axons. | several |
| PNS-one cell myelinates one small region of __ axon. | one |
| Gaps in myelin (between neurolemmocytes) are called __ __. | neurofibril nodes |
| The overlapping layers of the plasma membrane form the __ __. | myelin sheath |
| the periphery of the neurolemmocyte contains the cytoplasm and nucleus and is called the __. | neurilemma |
| A __ in the PNS can myelinate only a 1-millimeter portion of a single axon. | neurolemmocyte |
| An __ in the CNS can myelinate a 1-millimeter portion of many axons at the same time and not just one. | oligodendrocyte |
| __ between a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron occurs when __ molecules stored in synaptic vesicles are released from the synaptic knob of a presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. | transmission, neurotransmitter |
| The delay is the time between the neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cell, its diffusion across the synaptic cleft, and neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the postsynaptic plasma membrane. Usually 0.3 to 0.5 milliseconds. | synaptic delay |
| Structural classification of nerves is based upon the CNS component from which the nerve extends: __ nerves extend from the brain and __ nerves extend from the spinal cord. | cranial, spinal |
| The functional classification of nerves is based upon the functional type of neuron (__ neuron and __ neuron). | sensory and motor |
| __ nerves contain only sensory neurons that relay information TO the CNS. | sensory |
| __ nerves contain primarily motor neurons that relay information FROM the CNS. | motor |
| __ nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons. Most named nerves are __ nerves. | mixed |
| List the parts of the peripheral nervous system. | spinal nerves, cranial nerves, ganglia |
| Responsible for telling flexor digitorum muscle to grab onto pencil. Division: | somatic motor |
| Responsible for feeling a stomachache. Division: | visceral sensory |
| Responsible for feeling a tickling sensation on the feet. Division: | somatic sensory |
| Responsible for telling the heart to contract more quickly. Division: | autonomic motor |
| List the glial cells in the CNS and describe their major function: | astrocyte (BBB), microglia cell (phagocytic), ependymal (CSF), oligodendrocyte (myelinates) |
| List the glial cells in the PNS and describe their major function: | satellite (protect cell bodies, sensory neurons), neurolemmocyte (myelinates) |
| List the other names for motor neuron: | efferent, multipolar (structure of neuron) |
| List the other names for a sensory neuron: | afferent, unipolar (structure of neuron) |
| What is myelin for and where on the neuron would you find it? | insulates/supports, found around most axons |
| Nerve wrapping: | epineurium |
| Fascicle wrapping: | perinuerium |
| Nerve cell (fiber) wrapping: | endoneurium |
Created by:
khinson