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What is the definitions of nutrients?
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Nutrition Midterm 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are phytochemicals and list some food sources for these types of chemicals? | The chemicals that contain substances that may prevent disease and promote health. Fruits, veg |
| What is the definitions of nutrients? | Substances found in food that supply the body with energy and chemical parts needed by the body in building necessary substances |
| what are the six categories of nutrients? | Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, minerals, vitamins, water |
| All three major food nutrients have the 3 same functions. what are they | Energy, Structure, Regulation |
| Tue or false? The human digestive system can't digest different foods at the same time. Explain. | FALSE. The design of our digestive enzymes and the intestinal tracts allows the processing of different foods simultaneously |
| The maintainance of relatively constant internal conditions through the efforts and control of many systems in the body is called... | Homeostasis |
| What are three internal conditions homeostasis regulates in the body | Blood pressure, body temperature and pH balance |
| Why do men have more protein than women? | Men have more/higher lean muscle mass |
| What is the process called when food particles are transported from the small intestine into the blood stream? | Absorbtion |
| What is the desirable level of body fat for females? Males? | females-22-25% and males-15% |
| the amount of nutrients a person needs depends on 5 factors. What are they? | Gender, Age, Physiological state, illness, genetic traits |
| There are specific nutrients the body needs to prevent deficiency diseases. Name two and name what nutrient is lacking for each of them | Scurvy-Vitamin C. Rickets-Calcium and Vitamin D |
| Your body is made up of the 6 nutrients we obtain in the foods we eat. What are these nutrients and what percentage of our body is made up of each of these nutrients? | 50-60% water, 15-25% Fat, 18-20% protein, 4-5% minerals, <1% Carbohydrates, <1% Vitamins |
| What is the rate of intracellular water to extracellular water in out bodies? | 2/3 water intracellular, 1/3 extracellular |
| Males generally have about 60% water and females 50% due to differences in... | A. Bone density %B.% The way males metabolize proteins, C. Differences in body fat and muscle content D. Dietary differences |
| Name the process that starts in the stomach but mostly occurs in the small intestine and uses digestive enzymes to break chemical bonds in foods | Chemical digestion |
| True or False? Chemical digestion involves the moving and grinding of food. | False this is physical digestion |
| _______ and ________ contributes to a very large surface area in the small intestine which allows nutrients the opportunity to be absorbed into the body and eventually into circulation via the blood stream | Villi and microvilli |
| How much water does the human body make a day? | about 1 cup |
| When adding all the different nutrients from each nutrient category, what is the total number of nutrients our bodies use for various functions and energy? | 50 |
| what happens to food that is not digested/ absorbed by the body | Exits body as stool |
| most of the enzymes responsible for the digestion of the eenery nutrients come from the... | pancreas |
| what is the approximate average body water content of a young adult wxpressed as a percent of the body | 50-60% |
| List six classes of nutrients and give a food source for each | Proteins-meats, Carbohydrates-bread, fats-butter, minerals-calcium, vitamins-vitamin D, Water |
| What are three basic functions of nutrients | Provide energy, serve as building materials, help to maintain or repair body parts |
| Define an essential nutrient | Nutrients the body can't make, or can't make at a sufficient rate to meet your needs. Required in the diet |
| define the recommended dietary allowance(RDA) and list three factors that are taken into consideration when establishing the RDA | RDA is the daily amount of nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of nearly all healthy people in the population. 1. Quality of diet/ age 2. Bioavailablility/gender 3. Losses due to food preparation |
| Define digestion and two types of digestion | Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into a form that can be absorbed by the instetine. Chemical and Physical |
| What is absorption and where does it occur | The process of moving nutrients into the body or blood stream. Occurs in the small intestine |
| what does DRI stand for? RDA? | DRI: Dietary Reference Intakes, RDA: Recommended daily allowance |
| Approximately how long is the digestive tract? | 26ft |
| Why is protein needed in out diet? | Sources of EAA and source of nitrogen |
| What is the definition of protein turnover? | The process that allows our bodies to make more amounts of a protein than we might need and lesser amounts of other proteins we don't need at the moment |
| Explain the process of turnover | Dietary proteins are broken down into EAA's and NEAA's which are absorbed into your body which are then converted to body proteins that are needed by various parts of your body |
| How can a baby up to two years old be affected if it does not acquire the adequate intake of protein? | Permenent stunted growth in height or stature |
| Give two examples fo dead end proteins. | Proteins found in hair and nails |
| How many kilograms are in one pound? | .454kg/1lbs |
| How much protein(in grams) does a person 124lbs male need per day according to the RDA | 125 lbs body wt x (.454kg body mass /1 lb body wt)x (.9g protein/kg body mass)=51.1g protien |
| Describe how vegetarians can obtain a complete balanced intake of proteins without eating meat and dairy products | Combine protein sources which lack different essential amino acids so that all EAA's will be present within the food combination |
| What are four elements that make up an amino acid? | Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen |
| List four problems that can occur in a person at any age with a protein dificiency | Edema, intestinal problems, distended abdomin,and infection |
| How many different amino acids are used by the body and what is the linkage called that attaches amino acids together within proteins? | 20 AA's and peptide bonds |
| How many amino acids are not essential? | 11 |
| What are the two groups, one at each end of an amino acid, called? | Amino and carboxylic acid |
| What is the generic name for the group which makes each amino acid unique? | R-group |
| A complete protein contains which of the following: grain sources, 9 EAA's, 50 grams of DV requirement, or acids used in digestion | 9 EAA's |
| What type of energy is contained in the bonds of any substance? | Potential/Chemical |
| One of the functions of protein is to provide the body with energy. Energy from protein that is used to regulate body temperature is called _______ and its unit is the _________. | Heat and Calorie(Cal) |
| One function of proteins is regulation. Give 4 examples of regulatory processes involving proteins. | Hormones, enzymes, immune system, fluid balance |
| True or false: Proteins differ from each other dure to the different amino acid order but all proteins contain all 20 amino acids in varying amounts. | False: yes the amino acid caries in all proteins but not all amino acids are present in every protein |
| What are complete proteins and give six examples of food sources for these proteins | Complete proteins contain all 9EAA's; egg, breast milk, soybeans, beef, poultry,fish |
| What are perfect proteins and give two examples of food sources for these proteins | Contains all 9 EAA's in the amounts needed by the human body: egg, human breast milk, soy protein |
| What is the name of the complete protein that is made from a plant source | soy protein |
| That is the process called that allows your body to repair itself when it is injured? | protein turnover |
| The process of _______ ________ allows our bodies to make more of a protein that we need immediately and less of another that is not in current demand. | Protein turnover |
| True or false: PRoteins and amino acids can be stored in out bodies? | False: our bodies only make enough of each specific protein needed at the current time so there is no need for protein storage |
| What element in an amino acid is toxic to the body and must be disposed of via the kidneys? | Nitrogen as urea from kidneys into bladder and out in urine. |
| What are three dead end proteins and give three example. | Proteins that cannot be reused by the body; hair, nails, skin |
| List a good source for a complete protein; a protein with a low chemical score; a protein with a high PER; an imcomplete protein. | beef, white flour, fish, wheat |
| who would have the highest protein requirement expressed in grams of good protein per kg body wt per day: a two year old, an adult man, a teenager | a two yr old |
| a 60kg female eats a cup of vegetarian chili that provides 15 grams of protein. A) What is the % of DV for protein from 1 cup of chili? B)what is the % of RDA from the cup of chili for the 60 kg female? | A) (15g of protein/50g total daily value) x 100=30% B) (.8*60)=48 (15/48)*100=31.25% |
| Would you expect the amino acid profile( the amount of amino acid) to be the same from protein in beef,almonds,refried beans, and human blood cell? Why or why not> | No because beef and human blood have more complete proteins than almonds and refried beans |
| True or false: protein quality is primarily determined by the amount of each of the 20 amino acids | false |
| Which of the following food proteins have a limiting amino acid? Peanut butter, refried beans, wheat bread, or tofu | peanut butter, refried beans and wheat bread |
| the recommended dietary allowance for protein represents the average amount of "perfect" protein needed by most of the healthy population. | False |
| What are the subunits of proteins called? | amino acids |
| List 3 functions of proteins | Sturture, energy, and regulation |
| The beginning of chemical digestion of proteins occurs in the stomach when the proteins are mixed with secretions. What happens to the protein stucture upon mixing with the acid? | They unfold |
| What is the name of the enzyme that is secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine to complete chemical digestion of the proteins? | Protease |
| What is the name of the end "product" of chemical digestion of the proteins? | AA or individual amino acids |
| Give 3 examples of complex proteins | meats, dairy, soy |
| One pound of body fat equal how many Calories? | 3500 |
| What are the three macronutrients? | Carbohydrates, Proteins and fats |
| Of the six nutrients in out food, what are the three that our bodies are able to burn energy? | Macronutrients- Carbohydrates, proteins,and fats |
| True or false: The potential energy of food is less than the physiological energy. | false |
| What is the typical range of BMR Calories needed daily? | 1000-2000 Calories |
| Why is the actual amount of energy obtained by the body from the foods we eat nota as high as the energy obtained in ab bomb calorimeter burning the same food? | Energy lost due to food particles being indigestible, such as fiber, and metabolic losses in the urine. |
| What is the term used when you skip eating meals and will this help you lose weight in the short term and long term? | Fasting; short term, water loss because water in cells used to pull of glucose from glycogen chain; long term no weight loss due to metabolism slowing down to conserve energy. |
| What are the physiological fuel values for the 3 macronutrients? | Carbs-4Cal/gram, Fats-9Cal/g, Proteins-4Cal/g |
| If you ate 3 meals each day, with each containing 750 Calories, for 3 weeks, and your BMR is 1500 Calories/day, would you gain or lose weight and how much weight would you gain or lose? | 21 days *1500 Calories/day=31500 Calories 21 * 2250= 47250 Calories 47250-31500=15750 Calories/3500=4.5 |
| What information is obtained when food is burned in a bomb caliometer? | Determines potential energy of food in units of calories |
| How is BMR measured in a person? | Fasting for 12 hours, no exercise or strenuous activity for 24 hours, measured in an environment where the temperature is neutral |
| Exercise is referred to as either Metabolic work; physical work; potential energy; or bmr | physical work |
| What is the activity level of a person evercising 1 hour a day, 4 days a week? And what is the % BMR of required energy for this activity level? | Moderate; 70% BMR |
| What does BMR stand for? | Basal Metabolic Rate |
| What does TEF stand for? | Thermic |
| What does RDI stand for? | Required daily intake |
| What does DV stand for? | Daily value |
| Which is a specific value based on individual body mass, RDI or DV? | RDI |
| What is BMR energy? | The amount of energy in Calories needed to keep basic body functions running |
| What is TEF energy? | The amount of energy in Calories needed to digest food |
| There are 4 activity levels of exercise. What are they and what is the % BMR associated with each? | Sedentary-30%, Light-50%, Moderate-70%, and strenuous-100% |
| How is the calorie and Calorie related? | 1 Cal=1 calorie |
| What is the potential energy of fat, carbs and protein | fat-9.4 Cal/g, carbs-4.2Cal/g, protein-5.7 Cal/g |
| Why does your BMR drop when fasting? | your body attemps to conserve energy because it thinks that food is scarce |
| this is the amount of energy needed to digest and assimiate food | TEF; thermic effect on food |
| When ______ your BMR drops about _____%-____% within 24hrs | fasting; 10%-20% |
| which element in amino acids is toxic to the human body? | nitrogen |
| what is the unit for energy for foods? what is the unit for energy of chemicals? | food-Calorie, chemical-calorie |
| What is the name of the machine that is used to determine the calorie value in food? | Bomb calorimeter |
| list two things that come out of the chemical reactions between food and oxygen | CO2 and heat |
| what are three components of daily energy requirements? | BMR, Activity, and TEF |
| what happens if the amount of Calories put into the body is less than the body requires? | Person looses weight |
| what is the bmr for a male? female? | .9; .8 |
| What are the three disaccharides needed in your diet? | sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| What is the daily value of fiber | 25g/day |
| What is the RDI of fiber for a man? Woman? | 38g/day man; woman; 25g/day |
| True or false: Glycogen can be found in foods. | false |
| Name two benefits found in honey | Antioxidants from the plants bees get the nectar from that they use to make honey; disinfectant properties from bees saliva |
| What is the process called when plants use the sun's energy to make carbohydrates? | photosynthesis |
| the energy needed for the function of the brain during high intensity physical exercise can only come from _______? | Glucose |
| What polysaccharide is found in unripend friut? | Starch |
| When fruit ripens, starch breaks down to which monosaccharide? | Fructose |
| What are three examples of foods containing artificial sweetner | diet sodas, sugar free candies, etc |
| Name three artificial sweetners | Stevia, nutrasweet, sucralose |
| Which of these three substances, Glycogen, Starch, fiber is found in animals and which in plants? | Glycogen-animal; starch and fiber-plants |
| Why can't fiber be digested by humans? | Human digestive system cannnot break the B-links found in fiber; can only break a-links in starch |
| Give an example of sucrose | table sugar, corn sweetner, brown sugar, powdered sugar |
| What are the two places within the human digestive system that chemically digests starch? | Mouth and small intestine |
| true or false: Anaerobic energy occurs in chimical processes without oxygen | true |
| What are three types of polysaccharides? | starch, fiber, glycogen |
| Give an example of each type of polysaccharide. | Starch- grains, vegetables, unripe fruits; Fiber- plant products, whole grains, seeds; Glycogen- no food sources |
| this form of diabetes affects 90% of people with diabetes | Type2 |
| What is the subunit called that is used to make polysaccharides? | monosaccharides |
| What is the subunit called that is used to make proteins? | Amino acids |
| Another name for polysaccharides is _______ carbohydrates. | Complex |
| Another name for a monosaccharide of disaccharide is ______ _______ . | Simple sugars |
| give an example of a sugar mixture that is supersaturated. | Honey |
| Where is insulin made? | pancreas |
| How does a low fiber diet affect the stool | Stool becomes hard and hard to pass through the body, constipation |
| this name of the macronutrient means hydrated carbon or carbon with water | carbohydrate |
| Why should you eat complex carns instead of simple sugars? | Complex carbs require more energy to digest due to the many bonds present in polysaccharides. |
| What is insulins job within the body? | bring glucose into the cells( opens cell door to let glucose inside) |
| where is glycogen stored in the human body? | muscles and liver |
| Which is most common polysacchardie found in food? | starch |
| What is functional fiber? | fiber that is added to foods for health benefits |
| The storage form of carbohydrate in the body is ______ | Glycogen |
| What is the percent Daily Value for fiber in 1 bean burrito with 8g of fiber? | DV=25g -> % DV = (8g/25g)*100= 32% |
| Describe 2 types of fiber, give their actions in the intestine, health benefits, and list food sources for each | A)Water-insoluble: bulks up and helps speed passage/waste. Diverticulitis/ reduce risk/ constipation/ hemorrhoids / vegetables B) Water-soluble: makes soft stool; Lowers cholesterol, heart disease risk; type 2 diabetes; fruits, beans and oats |
| What is lactose intolerance? | Limited ability to digest lactose: 1) Lack of enzyme- lactase 2) Have very little of this enzyme |
| Describe what happens when carbohydrate is eaten in excess of energy needs? | A) stored as fat when glycogen storage is full |
| How many calories are released during aerobic energy metabolism of carbohydrate? | 4 Calories/g |
| What is diabetes? | Type 1-Body does not make insulin Type 2- Insulin that is make in body does not work effectively |
| How long do glycogen stores last for a person who is inactive but not eating? | 24-36 hours |
| What is lipoprotein made of? | Triglycerides,cholesterol, protein coat |
| What is the basic unit of fat? | Triglycerides |
| Name the two essential fatty acids and state how many carbon atoms and how many double bonds are present and give an example of each | Linolenic acid (18 carbons; 2 double bonds; sunflower oil ; Linolenic acid (18 carbons; 3 double bonds; flaxseed oil) |
| True or false: All cholesterol is bad for you and unnecessary in our diet. | False |
| Name a few foods that contain cholesterol. | Milk, skim milk, avocado |
| List two sex hormones that are made from fat and cholesterol | Testoterone and estrogen |
| What are the two subunits of a triglycerides | Glycerol and three fatty acids that can all be the same or different |
| What does hydrogenation do and what is it used for? | Converts unsaturated fatty acids into a saturated fatty acid; allows substance to have a longer shelf life and allows food to be stored at room temperature because unsaturated fatty acids decompose easier and becomes rancid in taste |
| Why is fat such a good source of energy? | It provides the largest amount of energy compared to the other two macronutrients( protein and carbohydrates) |
| What are the three functions of fat? | Regulatory, energy and structure |
| What does fat protect organs from? | Shock |
| True or false: Digestion of fat begins in the mouth | False; only in the small intestines |
| When a fat turns rancid, ______ _______ are formed. | Free radicals |
| What do VLDL, LDL, HDL mean? | VLDL: very low density cholesterol LDL: low density cholesterol HDL: Hight density cholesterol |
| What is the molecular difference between saturated and unsaturated fat? | Saturated: all single carbon bonds Unsaturated: one or more double carbon bonds |
| True or false: Naturally occurring unstaurated fats have a CIS strusture? | True |
| True or false: Unsaturated fats are solids at room temperature because they fit on top of each other. | False; saturated fats fit together not unsaturated |
| Around the time of WWII, these fats were made because of a shortage of butter. | margarine or vegetable shortening |
| Not getting enough Omega-3 in our diets could result in these two age-related diseases. | Heart disease & certain cancers |
| True or false: both proteins and fats have the same three functions | False |
| What happens when cholesterol builds up in the arteries? | Partial blockage which is called heart disease or total blockage which is called a heart attack |
| What roles do the two essential fats play in out bodies? | Cell membrane structure and progesterone formation |
| What is the good cholesterol associated with reduced risk of heart attack? | HDL |
| Following a meal, where do the nutrients go? | They are put into storage so they can be utilized as needed |
| Where do saturated fats and unsaturated fats come from? | Saturated fats- animal products; Unsaturated fats-plant products |
| The problem with hydrogenation is not only turns Cis-unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids but it also turns Cis-unsaturated fatty acids into ______ unsaturated fatty acids. | trans |
| What are the two passenger substances that are on the Chylomicron "bus" and where are they taken? | Triglycerides - muscle and fat cells Cholesterol- liver |
| What are the two passenger substances that are on the VLDL "bus" and where are they taken | Triglycerides - muscle and fat cells Cholesterol- stays on board and the VLDL becomes LDL |
| What are the two passenger substances that are on the LDL "bus" and where are they taken? | Triglycerides- Cholesterol- any cell that is in need of it |
| What is the purpose of HDL "bus" and where does it take its passengers? | Scavenges and picks up loose cholesterol and takes cholesterol to the liver. |
| Which has the highest concentration of cholesterol- VLDL,LDL, OR HDL? | LDL |
| Which has the highest concentration of triglycerides: VLDL, LDL, HDL | VLDL |
| Which has the highest concentration of protein: VLDL, LDL, HDL | HDL |
| When HDL delivers cholesterol back to the liver, what happens to the cholesterol? | Cholesterol can become bile and leave the body during digestion or be recycled back on board a VLDL |
| True or false: Choesterol provides energy to the body | false |
| What are prostaglandins and what are their functions? | act like hormones in specific locations in the body and mediate inflammatory responses in the body during injuries |
| List a food source food source for monounsaturated fats; Polyunsaturated fats; Saturated fats; Cholesterol; Trans fats; LDL; 18:2 linoleic acids; 18:3 linoleic acids | Monounsaturated: olive oil and avocados; Polyunsaturated: fish and corn oil; Saturated: Snack foods and cookies, Meats and butter; Cholesterol: Beef, poultry, Seafood , dairy; Trans: Processed foods-not natural; LDL: Made in body no food source; 18:2 |
| corn oil; 18:3: fish | |
| Fat is transported through the circulation system to various tissues such as: | lipoproteins, composed primarily of triglycerides, cholesterol and proteins |
| Hydrogenation is a process that makes unsaturated fats: | More solid and more resistant to oxidation |
| Bile is made from and function in: | Cholesterol and fat digestion |
| If you eat more protein than you need at any given time, in a otherwise adequete diet, the excess amino acids are largely converted to : | Fatty acids |
| The end products of fat energy metabolism are: | CO2, H2O, and energy |
| What are carbs converted to? | Glycogen (muscle and liver) Body fat cells |
| What is fat converted to? | Fat cells |
| What is protein converted to? | Amino acids- fat cells , new proteins |
| Describel energy metabolism during a 24-36 hour fast | Carbs-gone Body proteins- amino acids(glucose and TCA) Fat-fatty acids( TCA for energy) |
| List three major heart disease risk factors | cigarette smoking, Increasing age, hypertension |
| Give three examples of foods that contain saturated fats and three examples of foods that contain saturated fats | a. butter, lard, full fat dairy products, meats, margarine B. Sunflower, safflower, nuts, soybeans |
| What is the inner opening of the artery called? | The Lumen |
| What things can you take out of your life or add to your life to decrease your risk of coronary heart disease? | Quit smoking, add/increase exercise, cut out trans fats and saturated fats from your diet, add/increase fiber intake |
| Which gender is more likely at risk for developing heart disease? | Men-even though women's risk raises during/after menopause |
| What are the three components of lipoproteins? | Triglycerides, cholesterol, protein |
| True or false: Atherosclerosis is the build up of triglycerides and its hardening in the artery walls. | False: hardened cholesterol called plaque builds up in the artery walls. |
| True or false: Plaque builds up on the outside of the artery walls. | False: plaque builds up on/within the inner wall lining of the artery. |
| What is artherosclerosis? | The build up of fat deposits also called plaque in the walls of the artery |
| True or false: The fat that builds up in the artery walls is saturated fat/ | False: the fat that builds up in the artery walls is cholesterol |
| True or false: Cholesterol is an essential nutrient because our bodies can make it in enough quantity to meet our needs. | false: essential nutrients are those that the body cannot make; cholesterol is not essential nutrient because the body can make it and in enough quantity to meet the needs of the body. |
| True or false: Atherosclerosis begins at menopause for women. | False: atherosclerosis can begin as early as 10 years old for either gender depending upon diet and exercise habits. |
| What could possibly happen if atherosclerosis occurs in arteries connected to the heart? In arteries within the brain? | Heart-heart attack; Brain-stroke |
| True or false: LDL becomes VLDL once triglycerides are dropped off at cells and the lipoprotein becomes richer in cholesterol. | False- VLDL is converted to LDL during this process |
| What is the major component of HDL? | Protein |
| What two factors characterize metabolic syndrome? | Abdominal obesity and insulin resistance |
| True or false: breast cancer is the leading cause of death for women. | False; heart disease is the major cause of death in women. |
| Which fats should we minimize in our diets? | Saturated and trans-fats |
| Which lipoprotein begins atherosclerosis? | LDL because it crashes into the walls of the artery |
| Which lipoproteins does the body need to be low and why? | LDL because it is the lipoprotein that crashes into the walls of the artery. |
| Which lipoprotein dowes the body need to be high to reduce cholesterol and why? | HDL because it acts like a scavernger, picking up cholesterol within the bloodstream |
| True or false: the desirable cholesterol level is less than 240mg/dL | False: supposed to be less than 200mg/dL |
| What is the daily value for total fat(%), saturated fat%, monounsaturated fat%, polyunsaturated fat%, trans-fat%, cholesterol-mg, and fiber-mg and why? | total fat: 25-35%; saturated fat:<7%; Monounsaturated fats: 10% or more; Polyunsaturatd fats: <10%; Trans-fats: No % DV; Cholesterol: <300g; fiber: 25g |
| What effects do trans-fats have on Ldl and HDL? | They act like unsaturated fats and thus have the same negative effects as saturated fats |
| What has a big inpact on both blood cholesterol levels and the risk of coronary heart disease and in most american diets includes about 1/3 of the total calories per day when it should be about 1/4 of the total calories per day. | Total fat intake |
| Which type of fiber binds to bile? | water soluable fiber |
| What substance is the precursor to bile, where is bile made and where is bile stored? | Cholesterol is the precursor to bile; bile is made in the liver from cholesterol; bile is stored in the gallbladder |
| Where is cholesterol made and what is the precursor substance? | Liver; C-units |
| True or false: Can C3 be made from C2? Can C3 be made from AA's? | No; C3 is converted to C2 . Yes when the AA R-group is similar to C3. |
| Where does C2 come from? | From C3 generated from glucose; from breakdown of triglycerides; from AA's with r-groups dissimilar to C3 |
| which of the three nutrients is used to fuel the brain? | Glucose |
| Which processes are aerobic? anaerobic | Aerobic- C3-C2; C2 in TCA cycle; Anaerobic- Glusose -C3 |
| Is glucose-> C3 and irreversable process? | No; its a reversible process; C3 converting to C2 is irreversable |
| List a food source for: cholesterol; polyunsaturated fat; HDL; Fat that raises blood cholesterol levels | Cholesterol: Animals, Meat/dairy; Polyunsaturated: fish; HDL: not food source/made in the body; Fat that raises blood cholesterol levels: saturated fats |
| True or false: Consumption of diets containing a high level of saturated fatty acids is associeated with a high level of blood cholesterol. | True |
| Which lipoprotein is thought to protect against cardiovascular disease? | HDL |
| True or false: low HDL levels(<40mg/dL)reflect a greater risk for heart disease | true |
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