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Anatomy Ch. 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The sympathetic nervous system causes airways in the lungs to widen, while the parasympathetic nervous system causes them to narrow. This is an example of __ effects of dual innervation. | antagonistic |
| What are the types of adrenergic receptors? | alpha 1 receptors, alpha 2 receptors, beta 1 receptors, beta 2 receptors |
| In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to __ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to __. | constrict, dilate |
| Mushroom poison. | muscarinic receptors |
| Chemical in tobacco plants. | nicotinic receptors |
| What works constantly with the somatic nervous system to regulate body organs and maintain normal internal functions. | autonomic nervous system |
| Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve has the following effects of the digestive tract organs: | increased secretory activity and increased smooth muscle motility |
| The terminal branches of sympathetic axons contain swollen bead called __. | varicosities |
| What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk? | rami communicantes |
| What cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. | oculomotor nerve (CN III), facial nerve (CN VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), and vagus nerve (CN X) |
| Postganglionic axons from the __ __ ganglion innervate the distal colon, rectum, urinary bladder, distal parts of the ureters, and most of the reproductive organs. | inferior mesenteric |
| What organs receive postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion? | distal half of the duodenum, remainder of small intestine (jejunum), proximal part of large intestine, part of pancreas, kidneys, and proximal parts of ureters |
| What is the basic function of the ANS? | maintain homeostasis |
| Generally, the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the same organ are __, opposing each other to produce different results. | antagonistic |
| Axons that release ACh are called: | cholinergic |
| Tear, nasal, secretion, and saliva are under parasympathetic control from the __ nerve. | facial |
| The SNS is under __ control, while the ANS is under __ control. | conscious, subconsious and voluntary, involuntary |
| Which division of the ANS is also known as the thoracolumbar division? | sympathetic division |
| The parasympathetic division of the ANS helps maintain __, a constant internal environment. | homeostasis |
| Visceral effectors innervated by postganglionic axons from both the symathetic and parasympathetic division of the ANS have: | dual innervation |
| Parasympatheic innervation causes __ of the female clitoris and male penis. | erection |
| Which gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)? | parotid salivary gland |
| What are some ways in which the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the ANS are similar? | under involuntary control, contain autonomic ganglia that house ganglionic neurons, and they utilize a preganglionic ganglionic neuron |
| During an emergency or crisis situation, the SNS can trigger __ __ in which many effectors respond together. | mass activation |
| Stimulation of reticular activation system causes a heightened sense of alertness during: | mass activation of the sympathetic division |
| Changes in the autonomic tone typically involve one branch of ANS ceasing activity, and the other increasing activity. T or F? | false |
| What is the result of sympathetic stimulation of the muscles of the iris? | dilation of the pupil and contraction of the radial muscle of the iris |
| The area of gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons. | lateral horn |
| Receptors that bind norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine are called __ receptors. | adrenergic |
| Which ANS effectors undergoes opposing effects without dual innervation? | blood vessels |
| What structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion? | sweat glands of head, smooth muscle in blood vessels of the head and neck, the dilator pupillae muscle of the eye, and the superior tarsal muscle of the eye |
| The continuous activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is called __ __. | autonomic tone |
| Norepinephrine fits into what categories? | biogenic amine, catecholamine, monoamine |
| The __ preganglionic axons tend to have many branches (more than 20). | sympathetic |
| What structures receive postganglionic axons from the ciliary ganglion? | sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris, ciliary muscle of the eye |
| What works constantly with the SNS to regulate body organs and maintain normal internal functions? | ANS |
| The diameter of blood vessels is maintained in a partially constricted state by the effects of __ __. | sympathetic tone |
| The autonomic ganglia of this division of the ANS are located close to the vertebral column: | sympathetic division |
| __ and __ are ligands for adrenergic receptors. | norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| Splanchnic nerves are composed of __ sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion. | preganglionic |
| Which neurotransmitters are used in the ANS? | norepinephrine and ACh |
| Ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the ANS located within the wall of the target organ are known as: | intramural ganglia |
| The location of the preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allow it to be also known as the __ division. | craniosacral |
| __ __ adrenergic receptors primarily have inhibitory effects. | beta two |
| Which of the following would be the effect of a decrease in sympathetic tone: increased heart rate, vessel constriction, or vessel dilation? | vessel dilation |
| What organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion? | stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal part of duodenum, and part of pancreas |
| ANS is also called __ __ __. It's part of the __. It is composed of a __ neuron chain. It is controlled by the __ in the brain. | autonomic nervous system, PNS, two, hypothalamus |
| First if two ANS motor neurons is called the __ __. Its cell bodies lie w/in brainstem or s.c. A __ __ extends from this cell body and exits the CNS in either a cranial nerve or a spinal nerve. They have myelinated axons, sm. in diameter. | preganglionic neuron, preganglionic axon |
| The second of two ANS motor neurons is called the __ __. Its cell body resides w/in autonomic ganglion. A __ __ extends from cell body to effector (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or gland). Unmyelinated axons, smaller in diamter than preganglionic axons. | ganglionic neuron, postganglionic axon |
| The precentral gyrus is in the __ lobe and is __. | frontal, motor |
| The postcentral gyrus is in the __ lobe and is __. | parietal, sensory |
| Anatomic differences: Parasympathetic division: | long preganglionic axon, short postganglionic axon |
| Anatomic differences: Sympathetic division: | short, branching (axon collaterals) preganglionic axon, and long postganglionic axons; mass activation |
| The __ __ __ (__) includes processes that are perceived or controlled consciously. | somatic nervous system |
| The __ __ portion includes detection of stimuli and transmission of nerve signals from the special senses, skin, and propioceptors to the CNS. | somatic sensory |
| The __ __ portion involves initiation and transmission of nerve signals from the CNS to control skeletal muscles. | somatic motor |
| The __ __ __ (__) also called the __ __ __ includes processes regulated below the conscious level. All functions of the __ function reflexively and without our awareness. | autonomic nervous system (ANS) or visceral nervous system |
| The __ __ components include receptors that detect stimuli associated w/blood vessels and internal organs or viscera. | visceral sensory |
| The __ __ or __ __ components initiate and transmit nerve signals from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. | autonomic motor or visceral motor |
Created by:
khinson