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Hemostasis
Blood coagulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the mechanisms that occur to achieved hemostasis when a vessel is severed or ruptured? | 1. Vascular constriction 2. Formation of platelet plug 3. Formation of a blood clot as a result of blood coagulation 4. Eventual growth of fibrous tissue into the blood clot to close the hole in the vessel permeability |
| Immediately after blood vessels have been cut or ruptured, the trauma to the vessel wall causes smooth muscle in the wall to ___________ | Contract |
| What causes the contraction of smooth muscle after injury? | 1. Local myogenic spasms 2. Local autacoid factors from the traumatized tissues and blood platelets 3. Nervous reflexes initiates by pain in nerve impulses |
| For smaller vessels like capillaries what is responsible for the vasoconstriction? | Platelets that release a vasoconstricting substance called thromboxane A2 |
| Many small vascular holes develop throughout the body each day and are often sealed by a ____________ plug rather than a blood clot | Platelet |
| Platelets are also known as ________ | Thrombocytes |
| Platelets are formed in the bone marrow by ______________ | Megakaryocytes |
| Normal platelets are _________ to _____________ per microliter | 150,000, 300,000 |
| Platelets have many functional characteristics of whole cells even though they do not have a nuclei and cannot reproduce | Contain in cytoplasm: Actin and myosin, thrombosthenin (causes platelets to contract), synthesizes enzymes and store calcium ions, ATP and ADP, prostaglandin (hormone) synthesis, protein called fibrin stabilizing factor, and growth factor |
| What does growth factor on platelets do? | It causes vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts to multiply and grow, thus cuasing celular growth that helps repair damages vascular walls |
| Cell membrane of the platelet has a coat of __________ that repulses normal endothelium but adheres to injured areas of a vessel wall | Glycoproteins |
| Platelets have a half life in the blood of _______ to ________ days | 8,12 |
| Platelet membrane contains large amounts of ___________ that activate multiple stages in the blood clotting process | Phospholipids |
| Platelets who have run out of functional processes are eliminated from circulation by the tissue _____________ system | Macrophage |
| When platelets come in contact with damaged vascular surfaces especially collagen fibers they immediately begin to _________ | swell; also their contractile proteins contract forcefully and cause the release of granules that contain active factors. The also become sticky to adhere to collagen and VW factor. The platelets enzymes secrete thromboxane A2 and ADP. |
| What does the release of thromboxane and ADP from platelets do? | It acts on nearby platelets to activate then and the stickiness of the additional platelets causes them to adhere to the original activated platelet. This causes the formation of a platelet plug |
| A platelet plug is a ________ plug | loose |
| ________ threads that occur later on in the blood coagulation attach to the loose platelet plugs constructing an unyielding plug | Fibrin |
| The third mechanism for hemostasis is formation of a _______ _________ | Blood clot |
| Blood clots begin to develop in _____ to _______ seconds if severe trauma has occur and in 1-2 min if minor | 15, 20 |
| What is factor I? | Fibrinogen |
| What is factor II? | Prothrombin |
| What is factor III? | Tissue factor aka Tissue thromboplastin |
| What is factor IV? | Calcium |
| What is factor V? | Proaccelerin; labile factor; or Ac-globulin |
| What is factor VII? | Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA); proconvertin; stable factor |
| What is factor VIII? | Antihemophilic factor (AHF); Antihemophilic globulin (AHG); Antohemophilic factor A |
| What is factor IX? | Plasma thromboplastin component (PTC); Christmas factor; Antihemophiliac factor B |
| What is factor X? | Stuart factor; Stuart-prower factor |
| What is factor XI? | Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA); Antihemophilic factor C |
| What is factor XII? | Hageman Factor |
| What is factor XIII? | Fibrin stabilizing factor |
| What is prekalikrein? | Fletcher factor |
| What is high molecular weight kininogen? | Fitzgerald HMWK |
| Are platelets a clotting factor? | Yes |
| One a blood clot is formed it can follow what 2 courses? | It can become (1) invaded by fibroblasts which forms connective tissue all through the clot or (2) it can dissolve |
| What is prothrombin activator? | A complex of activated substances |
| What does prothrombin activator do? | Catalyzes conversion of prothrombin into thrombin |
| What acts as a enzyme to convert fibrinogen into fibrin fibers? | Thrombin. This causes the fibrin fibers to mesh into platelets, blood cells, and plasma to form a clot |
| What is needed for prothrombin activator to cause conversion of prothrombin to thrombin? | Ca ions |
| What type of receptors are on platelets? | Prothrombin, so platelets play an importnat role in the conversion of prothrombin and thrombin as well |
| Prothrombin is a plasma _______ | Protein |
| What is a normal plasma concentration of prothrombin? | 15 mg/dl |
| Prothrombin is formed continually by the _________ | Liver |
| _________ is required by the liver for normal activation fo prothrombin as well as a few other clotting factors | Vitamin K |
| Either a lack of __________ or __________ disease prevents normal prothrombin formation and bleeding tendency results | Vitamin K, liver |
| Fibrinogen is formed in the ________ | Liver |
| Plasma levels of fibrinogen is ______ to _____ mg/dl | 100, 700 |
| Platelets secrete this important factor: ________ ________ ____________ | Fibin stabilizing factors |
| Prothrombin activator is formed due to what mechanisms? | 1. Trauma to vascular wall and adjacent tissues 2. trauma to the blood 3. contact of the blood with damaged endothelial cells or with collagen and other tissue elements outside the blood vessel |
| What are the two ways that prothrombin activator is formed? | By the intrinsic pathway or the extrinsic pathway |
| The ___________ pathway begins with trauma to the vascular wall and surrounding tissues | extrinsic |
| The ____________ pathway begins in the blood itself | intrinsic |
Created by:
mimi771