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Chapter 8 9 10
chapter 8 joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the Functional Classification of Joints | 1.SYNARTHROSES:immovable joints 2. APHIARTHROSES: slightly movable joints 3. DIARTHROSES: freely movable joints |
| What is Syndemoses | A joint in which the Bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue |
| What term is a synonym for "JOINT" | joint and articulation are synonyms |
| What functional joint class contains the least mobile joints? | The SYNARTHROSES are the least mobile of the joints |
| Of Sutures,Symphses, and Synchondroses which are cartilaginous joints? | Symphyses and Synchondroses are cartilaginous joints |
| How are joint mobility and stability related? | In General, the more stable a joint, the less mobile it is. |
| What is Gomphoses? | A Gomphosis is a peg-in-socket fibrous joint. i.e. articulation of a tooth with its bony Alveolar socket |
| What are Synovial joints? | Synovial joints are those in which the articulation bones are seperated by a fluid-containing joint cavity |
| What are the 6 distinguishing features of Synovial fluid? | Articular cartilage, Joint(synovial)cavity, Articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments,Nerves and Blood vessels |
| What are the Synovial Joint friction reducing structures? | Bursae and Tendon Sheaths |
| What are Bursae? | Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs lined, with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid |
| What are Tendon Sheaths? | A tendon sheath is an elongated Bursae that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction. i.e. looks like a hot dog in a bun |
| What are the two layers of the articular capsule? | the fibrous capsule and the synovial membrane make up th ewall of the articular capsule |
| How do Bursae and Tendon Sheaths improve joint function? | Bursae and tendon sheaths help to reduce friction during joint movement |
| Generally speaking, what factor is most important in stabalilzing synovial joints? | The muscle tendongs that cross the joint are typically the most important factor in stabalizing synovial joints |
| What is the importance of weeping lubrication | weeping lubrication helps keep the joint cartilages nourished and "lubricates" the joint surfaces. |
| What are the Stabalizing factors at Synovial Joints? | The stability of a joint depends chiefly on three factors: the shapes of the articular surfaces: the number and positioning of ligaments: and muscle tone |
| The most common lever systems in the body are those that have the applied force between the fulcrum and the resistance. These are called ______ levers. | third-class |
| A muscle that is inserted on the mandible is probably involved in: | chewing |
| Damage to which of the following muscles would interfere with quiet breathing? | External intercostals |
| Damage to which of the following muscles would interfere with quiet breathing? | External intercostals |
| During abdominal surgery, the surgeon makes a cut through the muscle directly to the right of the linea alba. The muscle that is being cut is the: | rectus abdominis. |
| Each of the following terms is used to describe the shape of a muscle, except | pollicis. Pollicis does not describe the shape of a muscle. Pollicis comes from the root pullex, which means thumb. |
| Muscles with fibers that run straight or parallel to the long axis of the body are called: | rectus. From the Latin phrase "(musculus) rectus", or "a straight (muscle)". |
| The major abductor muscle of the upper arm is the | Correct Answer: deltoid. The deltoid is a large, thick, triangular muscle forming a rounded mass over the shoulder and upper humerus that abducts the arm. |
| The attachment site of the muscle tendon to the more-movable bone is called the: | insertion. Insertion of a muscle is the point of attachment that is more movable. |
| Which of the following statements about second-class levers is correct? | Second-class levers have great strength but are slow and have little range of motion |
| Which of the following muscles of the face is NOT innervated by the facial nerve? | Your Answer: Mentalis Correct Answer: Masseter The mentalis is innervated by the facial nerve. |
| Which of the following muscles divides the neck into two triangles? | The sternocleidomastoid |
| Which of the following muscles lifts the rib cage during inspiration? | External intercostals |
| The linea alba is found in the: | rectus abdominis. |
| All of the following are known as rotator cuff muscles, except the | deltoid |
| The _______________ assists the triceps brachii in forearm extension. | anconeus |
| Which of the following adducts the fingers and wrist? | Flexor carpi ulnaris |
| The prime mover for flexion of the thigh is the __________ muscle. | iliopsoas |
| The obturator nerve supplies all of the following muscles, except the: | sartorius |
| Which of the following muscles is a common site for injections in infants who have poorly formed buttocks? | Vastus lateralis |
| The ________________ is the prime mover of dorisiflexion of the foot | tibialis anterior. |
| Which of the following is an infrahyoid muscle? Mylohyoid muscle Geniohyoid muscle Stylohyoid muscle Digastric muscle Omohyoid muscle | Omohyoid muscle |
| All joints of the limbs are classified as _________ joints. | synovial |
| Which of the following is a condyloid joint? | Your Answer: Elbow joint Correct Answer: Knuckle joint The knuckle joints are typical condyloid joints. The shoulder and hip are ball-and-socket joints. The elbow is a hinge joint. |
| Which of the following is not a synovial joint? | Correct Answer: Suture joint See page 259. Structurally, synovial joints are similar; however, they can be further classified based on the movements they allow. The six major categories of synovial joints are: plane, hinge, pivot, c |
| The oblique popliteal ligament: | stabilizes the posterior aspect of the knee joint. |
| Chewing would involve the _________ joint. | temporomandibular |
| The presence of uric acid crystals in the joints is a hallmark of | gout. |
| A ligamentous connection, such as that between the bones of the lower leg, is called a: | syndesmosis. |
| A synovial joint is an example of a(n): | diarthrosis. and all synovial joints are freely movable diarthroses. |
| An immovable joint is: | a synarthrosis. |
| Bursae may be located in all but which of the following areas? | Around blood vessels |
| The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the femur and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the ______ ligaments. | cruciate ligaments |
| The epiphyseal growth plate is an example of a(n): | synchondrosis. The growth plate is composed of hyaline cartilage. |
| Why are there no blood vessels inside the joint cavity of synovial joints? | The movement of a joint could potentially damage blood vessels by pinching them between the bones. |
| Which of the following is not a synovial joint? | Costosternal joint Joints between the ribs and sternum are connected by cartilage and are thus cartilaginous joints. |
| Which of the following joints have a joint space? | The knee |
| What is the ion released from the terminal cisternae that combines with troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, resulting in the formation of cross bridges? | Ca2+ mbines with troponin, changes shape, and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, allowing cross bridges to form. |
| Which of the following best describes the composition of the structure known as a triad in a skeletal muscle fiber? | Terminal cisterna, transverse tubule, and terminal cistern |
| In the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, the myofilaments slide over each other, resulting in the overlapping of actin and _________. | myosin |
| The dense layer of collagen fibers that surround an entire skeletal muscle is the: | epimysium. Endomysium surrounds each muscle fiber. Perimysium surrounds each fascicle. |
| The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the: | sarcomere. |
| The space between the neuron and the muscle is the | synaptic cleft. |
| The term that means a continued mild or partial contraction of an entire muscle is muscle | tone. |
| The type of muscle contraction in which the muscle fibers produce increased tension, but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens, is called: | isometric. |
| Which of the following statements about smooth muscle is true? | Fibers are small and spindle shaped. Correct Answer: Fibers are small and spindle shaped. |
| The sequence of electrical changes that occurs along the sarcolemma when a muscle fiber is stimulated is known as the: | action potential. |
| What of the following allows recoil of the muscle fiber when contraction ends? | Elastic filaments |
| Which one of the following binds calcium ions in a smooth muscle, causing contraction? | Correct Answer: Calmodulin Calmodulin causes smooth muscle contractions. |
| A sarcomere is part of a: | myofibril. |
| "Cross bridges" that link between the thick and thin filaments are formed by the: | globular head of thick filaments |
| Which of the following is thought to be an autoimmune disease of acetylcholine receptors? | Myasthenia gravis |
| Which of the following is thought to be an autoimmune disease of acetylcholine receptors? | Myasthenia gravis |
| The refractory period in which the muscle will not contract if stimulated occurs during __________ of the muscle cell. | The refractory period occurs during repolarization. |
| What is the cause of rigor mortis? | Calcium influx into the cell after death |
| The alternating contraction and relaxation of opposing layers of smooth muscle is referred to as: | peristalsis. |
| The final "go" signal for skeletal muscle contraction is: | an increase in intracellular calcium ion levels. |
| Thin myofilaments are composed chiefly of: | actin. |
| When an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the most immediate result is: | the release of acetylcholine. |
| The variation of stimulation needed in skeletal muscle contraction in order to have controlled movement is called a: | graded muscle response. |
| The most efficient means of producing ATP is: | aerobic respiration. |
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