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Nutrition Ch 17, 3
Nutritiona Exam I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Green plants manufacture carbohydrates during a complex process called.. | Photosynthesis |
| Carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil are transformed into.. | sugars and starches |
| sunlight and the green pigment called ____________ are necessary for this conversion. | chlorophyll |
| What are teh two major groups of carbohydrates? | sugars and starches |
| sugars have a __________ ________ starches have a _________ _______. | sugars have a simple structure. starches have a complex structure. |
| Sugars are often called ________ _____________. Starches are called.__________ ____________. | simple carbohydrates complex carbohydrates |
| is the smallest quantity into which a substance may be divided without loss of its characteristics | molecule |
| is a substance that can't be separated into simpler parts by ordinary means | element |
| is a smallest particle of an element that retains its physical characteristics. | atom |
| Carbohydrates are composed of the elements ... 1. b. c. | carbon hydrogen oxygen |
| An example of polysaccharides is.. | starches |
| What are two types of simple carbohydrates? | monosaccharides and disaccharides |
| ___________ contains one molecule of C6H12O6. | monosaccharide |
| is composed of two molecules of C6H12O6 joined together | disaccharide |
| Three monosaccharides of importance in human nutrition are... | glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| all monosaccharides and disaccharides end with the letters | -ose. |
| What is the major form of sugar in the blood? | glucose |
| normal fasting blood sugar (FBS) is ___ to ____ mg/ ____ mL of serum or plasma. | 70-125mg/100mL of serum or plasma |
| Another name for glucose is.. | Dextrose |
| ___________ simply means within or into a vein. | intravenous |
| The most common intravenous feeding is _____ | D5W 5% dextrose in water |
| D5W is used to.. | deliver fluids to the pt |
| Fructose is commonly referred to as... it is found in | honey sugar fruits & honey |
| what is fond in soft drinks and canned foods? | fructose |
| ________ comes mainly from the breakdown of the milk sugar lactose. | galactose |
| galactose is found in what foods? | yogurt and unaged cheese |
| the body converts galactose to glucose when? | after ingestion |
| What are the three important disaccharides? | sucrose, lactose maltose |
| What are the three important monosaccharides? | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| This is white table sugar | sucrose |
| Sucrose is find in | sugar beets, sugar cane |
| Brown, granulated and powdered sugars inluding molasses, maple syrup, and fruits are all made of | sucrose |
| The two monosaccharides joined to form sucrose are.. | glucose and fructose |
| 4 Major sources of added sugar are: | candy soda fruit drinks pastries |
| Lactose occurs naturally online in... Lactose is made of.. | milk glucose and galactose |
| Maltose occurs primarily during ______________. It is found in _______, ______. & ________. Maltose consists of two units of... | starch digestion malt products, beer, infant formulas two units of glucose |
| What are other names for sugar alcohols? | sugar replacers, polyols, nutritive sweeteners, and bluk sweeteners, lactitol, maltitol, isomalt, sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol |
| _______ does not promote tooth decay, has a cooling effect on the tongue, absorbed from SI, & may have a laxative effect if consumed in excess | sugar alcohols |
| What's the difference between sugar alcohols intense sweeteners? | sugar alcohol's provide bulk or volume and intense sweeteners do not. |
| What are complex carbohydrates called? | polysaccharides |
| What are the 3 types of complex carbohydrates? | starch glycogen fiber |
| Starch is mainly found in | grains, vegetables legumes |
| This is known as animal starch. | glycogen |
| Glycogen is found in | liver, muscle tissue |
| Glucose is stored in the body as.. | glycogen |
| When glycogen stores are completely filled the average person weighs about 4 lbs more because | each glycogen molecule attracts many molecules of water |
| Dietary fiber cannot... can... | be digested be eliminated in the waste |
| Fiber recommendations for Men Younger than 50 is women younger than 50 is Men 50+ Women 50+ | 38 25 30 21 |
| This is the ability of one substance to dissolve in another. | solubility |
| __________ fibers include beans, oatmeal, barley, broccoli, and citrus fruits. | soluble |
| _________ fibers include woody or structural parts of plants, fruit and veggie skins, and outer coating *bran) of wheat kernels. | insoluble |
| _______ fibers promote regularity of BM & reduce risk of diverticular dz & cancer | insoluble |
| ___________ fiber reduces cholesterol and regulates blood sugar and wt loss | soluble |
| What are the 4 fxns of carbs? | energy spare body protein prevent ketosis enhance learning/memory |
| this is the capacity to do work | energy |
| the body will break down protein before fat if... | carb intake is inadequate. |
| What is ketosis? | when the body cant handle the excessive breakdown of stored fat and fats accumulate in the blood in the form of ketones. S/S: fatigue, nausea, lack of appetitie |
| What are some ketone bodies? | acetone & diacetic acid |
| What makes up starches? | germ, bran, and endosperm |
| Most of the nutrients in cereal are... | bran and germ |
| Milling of grain removes the | germ and bran |
| One serving or exchange of milk, fruit, grain, cereal, bread, or starchy vegetable is considered to be ____ grams of carb | 15 |
| Vegetables contain ___ and ___ grams of fiber per serving. One vegetable exchange contains _____ grams of carb. | 2-3 5 |
| Fruit exchanges contain ____ grams of carb | 15 |
| Milk contains ____ grams of carb | 12 |
| What percent of kcal should be from carbs? | 45%-65% |
| The RDA for CHO is _____ grams of carbs/day. | 130 grams |
| A healthy individual needs _____ grams of fiber each day. | 21-38 |
| Twelve grams of simple CHO is equal to ___ tsp of sugar. | 3 tsp |
| One slice of bread contains approximately ___ grams of CHO. | 15 grams |
| Which of the following may cause diarrhea? a. med that contains sorbitol b. lack of fiber c. lack of exercise d. insufficient fluid | a. medicine that contains sorbitol |
| Mr. P c/o constipation. You tell him to eat more insoluble fiber such as.. a. wheat, corn bran, nuts, fruit skins, and dried beans b. eggs, cheese, chicken c. milk, yogurt, ice cream d. oatmeal, barley broccoli | a. wheat, corn bran, nuts, fruit skins, and dried beans |
| A good source of soluble fiber is... a. wheat, corn bran, nuts, fruit skins, and dried beans b. eggs, cheese, chicken c. milk, yogurt, ice cream d. oatmeal, barley broccoli | d. oatmeal, barley, and broccoli |
| What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia? | DM is caused by the low secretion/ utilization of insulin. Hypoglycemia is caused by excessive secretion of insulin |
| ________________ elevated level of glucose in the blood | hyperglycemia |
| Fasting glucose level os ______ mg/dL are required for a dx of diabetes. | 126 |
| a fasting blood glucose level of _______ or greater is diagnosed as prediabetes or impaired fasting glucose. | 100-126 |
| Casual or random blood glucose great than _____ mg/dL plus classic symptoms is also established method for dx of diabetes. and _____ for prediabetes. | 200 140-199 |
| What are the classic symptoms of DM? | increased urination, thirst, and wt loss |
| What are the tests rules for fasting blood sugar? | do not eat or drink anything but water for 8 hours prior. It is done after 3 days of unrestricted diet and activity. Remain seated and do not smoke throughout test. If pt takes insulin or hypoglycemic agent, it shouldn't be taken until after test |
| What is a glucose tolerance test? | Pt given 75 grams of anhydrous glucose dissolved in water after a FBS and the pts ability to process glucose is evaluated. Values betwe 140-199 indicate impaired glucose tolerance or prediabetes. |
| What are the rules for glucose tolerance tests? | discontinue drugs for 3 days, high carb diet of 300 grams/day should be followed for 3 days prior. Do not eat or drink anything but water. Tobavcco, coffee, and tea can alter results |
| this is when CBG reaches 180-200 mg/100 mL and the kidneys begin to spill glucose into the urine. | renal threshold |
| As a consequence of teh body's inability to metabolize glucose, what is broken down for energy? | fat and therefore ketone bodies are produced in blood and urine. |
| In DM that is out of control.. kenote bodies are produce and __________ develops. This is ... | ketonuria.. presence of acetone in urine |
| What is glycosylated hemoglobin A1C? | it is a test from a random blood sample that should be less than 7 and it will show the effectiveness of longterm therapy |
| Type I Diabetes is also called.. | insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes |
| Pts with type I DM ccannot survive without.. | daily doses of insulin.. |
| Pts with Type I diabetes are prone to what two conditions? | ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia |
| What is ketoacidosis? | hyperglycemia, excessive ketones |
| What is hypoglycemia? | low blood glucose |
| This type of DM ususally occurs in childhood. | Type I |
| Type II DM is also called... | non-insulin-dependent DM, adult onset DM |
| Type II is.. | not insulin dependent or prone to ketoacidosis.. insulin is preffered med, manufacture some insulin but not enough |
| This type of DM occurs after 45 and they are obese.. onset is_______ | Type II Gradual |
| This refers to metaboli state intermediate between normal with glucose homeostasis and DM | IGT Impaired glucose tolerance or IGF impaired fasting glucose.. |
| Type II diabetes is often seen in pts with | pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, cushings |
| Secondary diabetes is seen in | pts with d/o |
| gestation DM is | glucose intolerence in pregnancy |
| What's the difference between type I and type II | type I beta cell are damaged, younger than 20, thin Type II tissues resist insulin, older than 45, obese |
| GDM is defined as a fasting glucose great than ____ and a casual greater than _____ | 126 200 |
| T/F women with GDM have a 40-60% chance of developing Type II DM in 5-10 ys | T |
| Why does GDM occur? | Pregnancy raises blood insulin level. Later, the womens tissues become insulin resistant so fetus can draw on energy stores. When the mother develops hyperglycemia, her blood glucose crosses placenta but her insulin does not. |
| Why do GDM mom's have fat babies? | the baby produces insulin when mother is hyperglycemic, which increases fat deposition |
| GDM can produce... | malformation, CNS d/o, and low intelligence |
| GDM pts should eat when? | small frequent meals |
| What med is safe for the fetus? | insulin |
| How does insulin work? | it accelerates the movement of glucose from the blood into the cells. |
| As glucose enters it may.. | be metabolized for energy, converted to fat, or stored as glycogen |
| This is the energy production from glucose | glycolysis |
| this is the manufacture of glycogen | glycogenesis |
| this is the fat formation from carb and protein | lipogenesis |
| This is the movement of glucose from nonCHO sources | glucogenesis |
| this is the release of glucose from glycogen | glycogeolysis |
| this is teh breakdown of fat from adipose tissue | lipolysis |
| __________ increases blood glucose levels and stimulates the breakdown of body protein and fat stores | glucagon |
| Body fat is stored as ____________ in adipose tissue. | triglycerides |
| What are teh causes of diabetes? | genetics, lifestyle, viral infection |
| What are risk factors for Type II | excessive body fat, inactivity, stress |
| What is the classic triad of s/s of DM? | polyuria, polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (increased appetite and wt loss) |
| glycosuria is.. | lots of glucose in the urine |
| What is polyphagia | abnormal increase in appetite |
| What are symptoms of DM? | blurred vision fatigue infection vaginitis bladder infections poor wound healing impotence kidney d/o |
| What are three acute complications with DM? | ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hypoerosmolar nonketotic syndrome, hypoglycemia |
| What ar the 3 main precipitaiting factors in ketoacidosis? | decreased/missed dose of insulin illness/infection uncontrolled DM |
| without glucose.. the cells become.. | dehydrated |
| What is often seen with ketoacidosis? | dehydration, low potassium, low sodium |
| What is the treatment of ketoacidosis? | supplemental insulin, fluid and electrolyte replacement, monitoring |
| What are the 4 signs of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome? | blood glucose >600 mg/dL absense of or slight ketosis plasma hyperosmolarity profound dehydration |
| HHNS is just like ketoacisosis except that.. | the insulin deficiency is not as severe, so increased lipolysis does not occur... |
| What is seen with HHNS? | prolonged diuresis, dehydration, decreased renal blood flow, |
| What is the tx of HHNS? | correction of electrolyte imbalance, hyperglycemia, & dehydration |
| Hypoglycemia may be caused by.. | too much insulin, too litle food intake, excessive exercise, alcohol, medications |
| s/s of hypoglycemia include | confusion, headache, double vision, rapid heartbeat, sweating, hunger, seizure, coma |
| What are some chronic complications of DM? | retinopathy, neuropathy, gastroparesis, nephropathy |
| Retinopathy causes | blindness and vision loss |
| Neuropathy causes | lack of sensation in extremities |
| gastroparesis is | paralysis of the stomach with delayed gastric emptying. it alters absoprtion |
| nephropathy is.. | kidney dz |
| What is the tx of hypoglycemia? | normalize blood glucose, control BP, control lipids |
| target blood glucose for hypoglycemics before meals is... after meals... | 70-140 <180 |
| Albumin in the urine is a sign of | renal impairment |
| what is microalbuminuria? | sensitive indicator of protein in the urine which may be an early warning of renal impairment |
| To evaluate the need for changes in diet or medications initially, monitoring should be done at least... once pts are stable.. If near-normalization of glucose is the goal SMBG should be ... | twice a day four times a day for 3 days each week 4 to 8 times a day (before and 2 hours after each meal/snack |
| What should exercise DM pts do? | Monitor BG before, during, and after exercise |
| When it is best for DM pts to exercise? | 60-90 min after meals when BG levels are high |
| IF a pt is going to partake in lenghthy exercise what do they do? | snack 15-30 grams of CHO every 30-60 min |
| What are some good exercise snacks that contain ____ to ____ grams of CHO? | fruit, starch, milk exchange |
| Human insulin is called | humulin |
| Why can't insulin be taken orraly? | the GI tract enzymes will digest it before absorption. |
| How is insulin admin? | Subcutaneously or IV (only regular insulin is given IV) |
| a bolus dose of insulin is | short acting and for one meal |
| a basal dose of insulin is | longer acting and injected once or twice a day |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents lower BG level in | type II DM by stimulating insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, reducing glucose output from liver, and increase uptake of glucose in tissues |
| What are some common oral hypoglycemics? | glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride, metformin, acarbose, and tolazmide. |
| Sulfonylureas | stimulate insulin release by pancrease and help decrease liver glucose production |
| biguanides | decrease liver production of glucose increase glucose uptake into tissues |
| sulfonylureas meglitinide | stimulate immediate insulin release from pancreas as needed for meals |
| thiazolidinedione | decrease insulin resistance |
| 1 CHO unit = | 1 fruit exchange = 1 milk exchnage = 15 grams CHO (with acceptable range of 8-22 grams of CHO/choice) |
| DM pts should choose food w/ less than ___ grams fat for each 15 grams of carb | 3 |
| Which vit/min should DM pts not take solely? | vit E and C and carotene |
| Illness + DM = ___ BG | increased |
| illness + DG= increased risk of | dehydration |
| ___ to ___ CHO should be consumed every 1-2 hours for DM pts w/ acute illness | 15 |
| hypoglycemia needing tx is less than ___ mg/dL tx is | 60 15 gr CHO |
| 15 grams CHO ='s | 2-3 glucose tabs, 6-10 life savers, 4-6 oz fruit juice |
| hypoglycemia that occurs 1-3 hours after a meal and resolves spontaneously is termed... | reactive hypoglycemia |
| reactive hypoglycemia tx consists of | avoiding simple CHO and taking small, frequent feedings. |
| hypoglycemia is caused by | over-secretion of insulin |
| If a client has a hx of ketoacidosis he or she most likely has which type of diabetes? | Type I |
| T/F acute illness lowers BG | F |
| T/F fluid and electrolyte replacement is essential during episodes of acute illness in all DM pts | T |
| T/F ppl with DM should never eat forms of simple sugar | F |
| the diet for reactive hypoglycemia includes... | small frequent meals with restricted simple sugars |
Created by:
Kelly Hempeck