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CJ 325 Theory
Mid-term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. | criminology |
| Actually measuring what one intends to measure; relevant. | valid measure |
| Producing consistent results from one measurement to another. | reliable measure |
| The study of the victim's role in criminal events. | victimology |
| The view that people's behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. | utilitarianism |
| In every society, people have free will to choose criminal or lawful solutions to meet their needs or settle their problems. | 1st Element of classical criminology |
| Criminal solutions may be more attractive than lawful ones because they usually require less work for a greater payoff. | 2nd Element of classical criminology |
| A person's choice of criminal solutions may be controlled by his or her fear of punishment. | 3rd Element of classical criminology |
| The more severe, certain, and swift the punishment, the better able it is to control criminal behavior. | 4th Element of classical criminology |
| One of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people committed a crime. Believed in utilitarianism. (1738-1794) | Cesare Beccaria |
| The branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces. | positivism |
| "father of criminology" | Cesare Lombroso |
| A lack of norms or clear social standards. Because of rapidly shifting moral values, the individual has few guides to what is socially acceptable. | anomie |
| Approach to criminology that focuses on the interaction between biological and social factors as they relate to crime. | biosocial theory |
| Approach to criminology, based on the work of Quertelet and Durkheim, that focuses on the relationship between social factors and crime. | sociological criminology |
| Group of urban sociologists who studied the relationship between environmental conditions and crime. | Chicago School |
| The view that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and to those who maintain social power will use it to further their own ends. | conflict theory |
| The view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics. | developmental theory |
| The view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act. | rational choice theory |
| The view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological and/or psychological traits. | trait theory |
| The view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime. | social structure theory |
| The view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society. | social process theory |
| Behavior that departs from the social norm but is not necessarily criminal. | deviance |
| An act, deemed socially harmful or dangerous, that is specifically defined, prohibited, and punished under the criminal law. | crime |
| A serious offense that carries a penalty of imprisonment, usually for one year or more, and may entail loss of political rights. | felony |
| A minor crime usually punished by a short jail term and/or fine. | misdemeanor |
| A rule derived from previous judicial decisions and applied to future cases; the basis of common law. | precedent |
| Large database, compiled by the FBI, of crimes reported and arrests made each year throughout the Unites States. | Uniform Crime Report (UCR) |
| Selecting a limited number of people for study as representative of a larger group. | sampling |
| The ongoing victimization study conducted jointly by the Justice Department and the U.S. Census Bureau that surveys victims about their experiences with law violations. | National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
| A research approach that requires subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts. | self-report survey |
| The fact that people commit less crime as they mature. | aging out (desistance) |
| The view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men. | masculinity hypothesis |
| A small group of persistent offenders who account for a majority of all criminal offenses. | chronic offenders |
| Psychological reaction to a highly stressful event; symptoms may include depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares. | post traumatic stress disorder |
| Victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crime themselves. | cycle of violence |
| The view that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization. | victim precipitation theory |
| Personal or social characteristics of victims that make them "attractive" targets for criminals; such victims may unknowingly either threaten or encourage their attackers. | passive precipitation |
| Aggressive or proactive behavior of victims that results in their victimization. | active precipitation |
| The view that people become crime victims because of lifestyles that increase their exposure to criminal offenders. | lifestyle theories |
| Young runaways are at a high risk for victimization; the more time they are exposed to street life, the greater their risk of becoming crime victims. | high-risk lifestyle |
| Students who spend several nights partying or who do drugs are much more likely to be victims of violent crime than those who avoid such risky academic lifestyles. | college lifestyle |
| The view that victimization is primarily a function of where people live. | deviant place theory |
| The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors; the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders. | routine activities theory |
| Financial aid awarded to crime victims to repay them for their loss and injuries; may cover medical bills, loss of wages, loss of future earnings, and/or counseling. | victim compensation |
| Emergency counseling for crime victims | crisis intervention |
| The eight most serious offenses included in the UCR; murder, rape, assault, robbery, burglary, arson, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. | Part I crimes |
| All other crimes included in the UCR arrest data. Crimes include drug offenses, sex crimes, and vandalism, among others. | Part II crimes |
| Program that requires local police agencies to provide a brief account of each incident and arrest within 22 crime patterns, including incident, victim, and offender information. | NIBRS- National Incident Based reporting System |
| The view that repeat offenders begin their criminal career at a very young age. | Early onset |
| allows victims to make an impact statement before the sentencing judge. | Victim Impact Statement |
| Some programs assign counselors to victims to serve as advocates, help them understand the operations of the justice system, and guide them through the process. | Victim Advocates |
Created by:
mlamky
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