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Anatomy Ch. 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The spinal nerves connect the central nervous system to __, __, and receptors. | muscles, glands |
| A spinal nerve contains __ and __ axons. | motor and sensory |
| The spinal cord is partitioned into an __ gray matter region and an __ white matter region. | inner and outer |
| The spinal cord and spinal nerves are responsible for __, which are our quickest reactions to a stimulus. | reflexes |
| The principal plexuses are the __ plexuses, __ plexuses, __ plexuses, and __ plexuses. | lumbar, sacral, cervical, and brachial |
| The left and right lumbar plexuses are formed from the __ rami of spinal nerves L1-L4 located lateral to the L1-L4 vertebrae and along the __ muscle in the posterior abdominal wall. | anterior, psoas major |
| Each terminal branch of a plexus contains axons from __ __ spinal nerves. | several different |
| A typical spinal nerve has four main branches after it emerges from the spinal column: the __, __, and two __. | anterior ramus, posterior ramus, rami communicantes |
| The left and right brachial plexuses are networks of nerves that supply the __ __. | upper limb |
| Each brachial plexus is composed of anterior __, trunks, division, and __ when examined from a medial to lateral perspective. | rami, cords |
| An example of a stretch reflex is the __ __. | patellar reflex |
| When a Golgi tendon is activated, nerve impulses in the Golgi tendon organ signal __ in the spinal cord, which in turn __ the actions of motor neurons. | interneurons, inhibit |
| The two main branches off a spinal nerve are __ and __ rami. | posterior and anterior |
| Deep to the subarachnoid space, is a delicate, innermost meningeal layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers. This layer is known as the __ __. | pia mater |
| A hypoactive reflex may indicate damage to a segment of the __ __, or it may suggest muscle disease or damage to the __ junction. | spinal cord, nueromuscular |
| A hyperactive reflex may indicate damage somewhere in either the: | brain or spinal cord |
| In a clinical setting, a reflex response may be normal, __ or __. | hypoactive, hyperactive |
| The spinal cord in an adult is __ than the vertebral canal that houses it. | shorter |
| The phrenic nerve travels through the thoracic cavity to innervate the __. | diaphragm |
| Rhythmic oscillations between flexion and extension when the muscle reflex is tested is called __. | clonus |
| The left and right sacral plexuses are formed from the __ rami of spinal nerves __ and are located immediately inferior to the lumbar plexuses. | anterior, L4-S4 |
| The longest nerve in the body is the __ nerve. | sciatic |
| Upon reaching the axilla, the anterior and posterior divisions of the brachial plexus converge to form three cords, the __, __, and __ cords. | posterior, medial, lateral |
| One important branch of the cervical plexus is the phrenic nerve, which is formed primarily from the __ nerve and some contributing axons from __. | C4, and C3, C5 |
| Each brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves __. | C5-T1 |
| Awareness of the stimulus occurs after the __ action has been completed, in time to correct or avoid a potentially dangerous situation. | reflex |
| The coccygeal region is the most __ part of the spinal cord. | inferior |
| In a withdrawal reflex, __ muscles are inhibited so that the traumatized body part may be quickly withdrawn from the harmful stimulation. | extensor |
| A reflex arc always begins at a receptor site in the __, communicates with the __, and ends at a peripheral effector, such as a muscle or gland cell. | PNS, CNS |
| The appendix is innervated by axons from the __ regions of the spinal cord, so appendicitis typically causes referred visceral pain to the __ dermatome in the umbilicus region rather than the abdominopelvic region of the appendix itself. | T10/T10 |
| The Golgi tendon reflex is a __ reflex that prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively. | polysnyaptic |
| If a person experiences numbness along the medial side of the arm and forearm, which spinal nerve may be damaged? | C8 |
| Spinal nerve T12 is called a subcostal nerve because it arises __ to the ribs. | below |
| The spinal cord is associated with __ pairs of spinal nerves. | 31 |
| There are __ pairs of thoracic spinal nerves and __ thoracic vertebrae. The sacrum is formed from __ fused sacral vertebrae, and there are __ pairs of sacral spinal nerves. | 12, 12, 5, 5 |
| Deep to the arachnoid mater is the __ space, which is a real space filled with __ fluid. | subarachnoid, cerebrospinal |
| In general, nerves from the anterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that __ the parts of the upper limb. Nerves from the posterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that __ the parts of the upper limb. | flex, extend |
| As the median nerve enters the wrist, it passes through the __. | carpal tunnel |
| The spinal meninges consist of the __ mater, __ mater, and __ mater. | dura, pia, arachnoid |
| The spinal dura mater consists of just one __ layer. | meningeal |
| Spinal nerves are identified by first letter of the __ __ part to which they attach combined with a __. | spinal cord, number |
| The rami communicantes contain axons associated with the __ nervous system. | autonomic |
| The axillary nerve emerges from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and innervates both the __ and __ muscles. | deltoid, teres minor |
| The superficial fibular nerve innervates the lateral compartment muscles of the leg, specifically those that __ and the weak plantar flexors. | evert the foot |
| The median nerve is formed from branches of the __ and __ cords of the brachial plexus. | medial and lateral |
| A withdrawal (flexor) reflex is a __ reflex arc that is initiated by a painful stimulus, such as touching something very hot. | polysynaptic |
| The ulnar nerve receives sensory information from the skin of the __ and palmar aspects of the medial __ fingers. | dorsal, 1-1/2 |
| The components of the __ plexus extend laterally from the neck, pass superior to the first rib, and then continue into the axilla. | brachial |
| The radial nerve innervates the forearm __ and the posterior forearm muscles. | extensors |
| The tibial nerve travels in the posterior compartment of the leg, where it supplies the __ __ of the foot and toe flexors. | plantar flexors |
| The tibial nerve is formed from the __ divisions of the sciatic nerve. | anterior |
| The posterior division nerves of the sacral plexus tend to innervate muscles that __ part of the __ limb. | extend, lower |
| The deep fibular nerve supplies the __ leg muscles and the muscles on the __ of the foot. | anterior, dorsum |
| Elevates testis. | cremasteric reflex |
| Flexes foot and toes. | plantar reflex |
| Extends knee. | patellar reflex |
| Flexes elbow. | biceps reflex |
| Extends elbow. | triceps reflex |
| The lateral cord of the brachial plexus is lateral to the axillary artery and is formed from the __ divisions of the superior and middle trunks; thus it contains portions of nerves __. | anterior, C5-C7 |
Created by:
khinson